| 1. |
- Zhang, Zhibo, et al.
(författare)
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Application and Challenge of Ionic Liquids as Co-solvent for Electro-enzymatic Conversion of CO2 to Methanol
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering. - : Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering. - 0258-8013. ; 41:11, s. 3657-3665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) has attracted great research interests, because CO2 is both a typical greenhouse gas and renewable carbon resource. This review mainly summarized and reviewed the research work linked to the challenges in the enzymatic conversion of CO2, such as NADH regeneration and low CO2 conversion efficiency. Based on the summary on the electro-enzymatic conversion of CO2, ionic liquids for the enzymatic conversion of CO2, and ionic liquids for the electrochemical conversion of CO2, we suggested applying ionic liquids as co-solvent in the enzymatic conversion of CO2 to methanol and coupling it with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH by electrocatalysis, providing a novel pathway for producing methanol from CO2.
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| 2. |
- Tang, C A, et al.
(författare)
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Fracture spacing in layered materials and pattern transition from parallel to polygonal fractures
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - 1539-3755 .- 1550-2376. ; 73:5, s. 056120-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We perform three-dimensional simulations of fracture growth in a three-layered plate model with an embedded heterogeneous layer under horizontal biaxial stretch (representing stretch from directional to isotropic) by the finite element approach. The fractures develop under a quasistatical, slowly increasing biaxial strain. The material inhomogeneities are accounted for by assigning each element a failure threshold that is defined by a given statistical distribution. A universal scale law of fracture spacing to biaxial strain in terms of principal stress ratio is well demonstrated in a three-dimensional fashion. The numerically obtained fracture patterns show a continuous pattern transition from parallel fractures, laddering fracture to polygonal fractures, which depends strongly on the far-field loading conditions in terms of principal stress ratio ......
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bader, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Proton Temperature Anisotropies in the Plasma Environment of Venus
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 124:5, s. 3312-3330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Velocity distribution functions (VDFs) are a key to understanding the interplay between particles and waves in a plasma. Any deviation from an isotropic Maxwellian distribution may be unstable and result in wave generation. Using data from the ion mass spectrometer IMA (Ion Mass Analyzer) and the magnetometer (MAG) onboard Venus Express, we study proton distributions in the plasma environment of Venus. We focus on the temperature anisotropy, that is, the ratio between the proton temperature perpendicular (T-perpendicular to) and parallel (T-parallel to) to the background magnetic field. We calculate average values of T-perpendicular to and T-parallel to for different spatial areas around Venus. In addition we present spatial maps of the average of the two temperatures and of their average ratio. Our results show that the proton distributions in the solar wind are quite isotropic, while at the bow shock stronger perpendicular than parallel heating makes the downstream VDFs slightly anisotropic (T-perpendicular to/T-parallel to > 1) and possibly unstable to generation of proton cyclotron waves or mirror mode waves. Both wave modes have previously been observed in Venus's magnetosheath. The perpendicular heating is strongest in the near-subsolar magnetosheath (T-perpendicular to/ T-parallel to approximate to 3/2), which is also where mirror mode waves are most frequently observed. We believe that the mirror mode waves observed here are indeed generated by the anisotropy. In the magnetotail we observe planetary protons with largely isotropic VDFs, originating from Venus's ionosphere.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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Activity coefficients of HCl in the HCl + NH4Cl + H2O systems at 298.15 and 313.15 K
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-9568 .- 1520-5134. ; 45:1, s. 29-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the ion-selective electrode method with a concentrated electrolyte solution added continuously, the mean activity coefficients of HCl in the HCl + NH4Cl + H2O system were experimentally measured at 298.15 and 313.15 K and at five molality fractions of NH4Cl (y2 = mNH4Cl/(mHCl + mNH4Cl) from 0.1 to 0.9. The measurements were made by an electrochemical cell using a H glass ion-selective electrode and a chloride solid-state ion-selective electrode. It was found that the influence of NH4+ on the H glass ion-selective electrode could be neglected up to 1.3 molkg-1, and this pair of ion-selective electrodes was suitable for determining the activity coefficients of HCl in the system. A new set of Pitzer mixing parameters, correlated from the experimental results, was used to calculate the activity coefficients for HCl in the system from 293.15 to 313.15 K up to 3.0 molkg-1.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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Mean activity coefficients of NaCl in (sodium chloride + sodium bicarbonate + water) fromT = (293.15 to 308.15) K
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9614 .- 1096-3626. ; 33, s. 1107-1119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mean activity coefficients of NaCl in (sodium chloride + sodium bicarbonate + water) were determined experimentally in the temperature range 293.15 K to 308.15 K at four NaHCO3 molality fractions (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7). The measurements were made with an electrochemical cell, using a Na+ glass ion-selective electrode and a Cl- solid-state ion-selective electrode. The experimental values reported by Butler and Huston are found to be higher than those calculated from the Pitzer equation using the existing parameters while the experimental results of this work are close to the calculated values, up to an NaHCO3 molality fraction of 0.5. At the NaHCO3 molality fraction of 0.7, the experimental data are much lower than the calculated values, implying that the interference of HCO3- on the Na+ glass ion-selective electrode can only be neglected up to a molality fraction of NaHCO3 of 0.5, an observation which is consistent with that of Butler and Huston.
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| 9. |
- Li, Fangfang, et al.
(författare)
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Combination of CO2 electrochemical reduction and biomass gasification for producing methanol : A techno-economic assessment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combining CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2R) and biomass gasification for producing methanol (CH3OH) is a promising option to increase the carbon efficiency, reduce total production cost (TPC), and realize the utilization of byproducts of CO2R system, but its viability has not been studied. In this work, systematic techno-economic assessments for the processes that combined CO2R to produce CO/syngas/CH3OH with biomass gasification were conducted and compared to stand-alone biomass gasification and CO2R processes, to identify the benefits and analyze the commercialization potential of different pathways under current and future conditions. The results demonstrated that the process that combined biomass gasification with CO2R to CO represents a viable pathway with a competitive TPC of 0.39 €/kg-CH3OH under the current condition. For all the combined cases, electricity usage for CO2R accounts for 36–76% of total operating cost, which plays a key role for TPC. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the process that combined biomass gasification with CO2R to CO is sensitive to the price of electricity, while both CO2R performance and prices of stack and electricity are important for the processes that combined with CO2R to syngas/CH3OH.
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| 10. |
- Liu, G.Q., et al.
(författare)
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Naphthenic acid corrosion characteristic and corrosion product film resistance of carbon steel and Cr5Mo low alloy steel in secondary vacuum gas oil
- 2016
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Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 51:6, s. 445-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC) has been studied for many years, the mechanism of NAC is not fully understood. The objective of this paper is to study high-temperature NAC in secondary vacuum gas oil of an industrial crude oil vacuum distillation tower. A high-temperature autoclave was applied to conduct high-temperature corrosion test to investigate NAC behaviour of carbon steel and Cr5Mo low alloy steel at different sulphur contents and total acid numbers (TAN). The result shows that the corrosion rate of carbon steel and low alloy steel is high at low TAN and high TAN while it keeps at a low value at medium TAN. Corrosion product film on Cr5Mo low alloy steel surface is denser and more compact than that of carbon steel at high TAN. The chromium present in Cr5Mo low alloy steel plays an important role in NAC resistance by the formation of Cr7S8 film in the inner layer of the scale. Corrosion rates of the two steels in secondary vacuum gas oil are high at low TAN and high TAN, but low at medium TAN which are strange and different from previous experimental results conducted in non-industrial oil solution. A tentative explanation for this new phenomenon is also put forward.
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