| 1. |
- Menkveld, Albert J., et al.
(författare)
-
Nonstandard Errors
- 2024
-
Ingår i: JOURNAL OF FINANCE. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0022-1082 .- 1540-6261. ; 79:3, s. 2339-2390
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty-nonstandard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for more reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants.
|
|
| 2. |
- Zeng, Jiangyuan, et al.
(författare)
-
Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and policy (iSTEP) for addressing environmental issues towards sustainable development
- 2024
-
Ingår i: The Innovation Geoscience. - : Innovation Press. - 2959-8753. ; 2:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable development depends on the integration of the economy, society, and environment. Yet, escalating environmental challenges pose threats to both society and the economy. Despite progress in addressing environmental issues to promote sustainability, knowledge gaps in scientific research, technological advancement, engineering practice, and policy development persist. In this review, we aim to narrow these gaps by proposing innovation-based solutions and refining existing paradigms. Reviewing past research and actions, we first elucidate the evolution of sustainability science and the essence of sustainable development and its assessment. Secondly, we summarize current major environmental issues, including global warming and climate change, biodiversity loss, land degradation and desertification, and environmental pollution, as well as their relationships with sustainability and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Subsequently, this review critically evaluates the role of innovations in science, technology, engineering, and policy (iSTEP) and their synergies in advancing sustainability and SDGs. While their sequential relationships may vary based on specific contexts or sustainability scenarios within the iSTEP framework, each component reinforces the others, fostering continuous improvement. Finally, this review offers recommendations and future perspectives for formulating sustainability roadmaps. Recommendations include fostering a vision of sustainability, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, and encouraging transboundary cooperation among stakeholders for future sustainability endeavors.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
|
|
| 4. |
- Kurdve, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Use of environmental value stream mapping and environmental loss analysis in lean manufacturing work at Volvo
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium, SPS11. - Lund, Sweden.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green production systems requires efficient production and low use of resources such as energy, material etc. To achieve this, there is a need for further development of continuous improvement tools in the “lean and green” area. This work deals with environmental value stream mapping (Environmental-VSM), which has been applied in two case studies at Volvo Penta Vara and Volvo Construction Equipment Braås. In the performed studies Environmental-VSM, as described by the US-Environmental Protection Agency, has been extended by the introduction of a loss model to show environmental losses. The combination of methods provides the user with hands-on tools supporting strategic as well as operational management. Examples of practical improvement actions that were found include reduction of energy use trough minimising idling losses and floor space as well as reduced waste flow through lowered packaging material usage.
|
|
| 5. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
-
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
|
|
| 6. |
- Yang, Minmin, et al.
(författare)
-
Advances in understanding of health-promoting benefits of medicine and food homology using analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomics
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Food Frontiers. - : Wiley. - 2643-8429. ; 1:4, s. 398-419
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health-promoting benefits of medicine and food homology (MFH) are known for thousands of years in China. However, active compounds and biological mechanisms are unclear, greatly limiting clinical practice of MFH. The advent of gut microbiota analysis and metabolomics emerge as key tools to discover functional compounds, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of benefits of MFH. Such studies hold great promise to promote and optimize functional efficacy and development of MFH-based products, for example, foods for daily dietary supplements or for special medical purposes. In this review, we summarized pharmacological effects of 109 species of MFH approved by the Health and Fitness Commission in 2015. Recent studies applying genome sequencing of gut microbiota and metabolomics to explain the activity of MFH in prevention and management of health consequences were extensively reviewed. We discussed the potentiality in future to decipher functional activities of MFH by applying metabolomics-based polypharmacokinetic strategy and multiomics technologies. The needs for personalized MFH recommendations and comprehensive databases have also been highlighted. This review emphasizes current achievements and challenges of the analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomics as a new avenue to understand MFH.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Hansson, H, et al.
(författare)
-
Leadership for Promoting Teacher Collaboration in Learning Study
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Presented at WALS international conference in Nagoya November 2017.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This symposium presents three papers on how to promote and sustain teacher collaboration in Hong Kong and Sweden via Learning Study, a type of Lesson Study, whose uniqueness lies in utilizing Variation Theory as its theoretical framework and focusing on student learning. Paper 1 reports a study conducted in a Hong Kong primary school where collaborative lesson preparation and peer lesson observation have become an integral part of teachers’ professional development since 2000. However, the effectiveness of the aforementioned activities has mostly been mediocre due to a lack of thorough understanding of the respective methodology. Hence, as leaders of curriculum development, the researchers explored a school-based model developed from Learning Study and adopted in a case school for enhancing the quality and effectiveness. This Learning Study collaboration aimed at training a core group of teachers who could later serve as ‘seeds’ to propel the development of learning studies. This core group of teachers, along with the curriculum leaders, established a model for school-based learning studies, which gradually became the culture within the school and was promoted across different schools. Through interviewing teachers and students and observing lessons, the curriculum leaders kept track of, reflected upon and made improvements to this model in different phases, which had been sustained in the case school more than ten years. The presentation concludes with recommendations for sustaining teacher professional development and teacher collaborations in schools. Paper 2 reports a case study conducted in a Swedish school called Oxledsskolan. Though Oxledsskolan had achieved high standards of student achievement, there was a lack of systematic planning, follow-up and evaluation of education as well as documentation of quality work. A new culture needed to be developed to facilitate productive working relationships and teacher collaboration. For such purpose, Subject Didactic Teams was developed in the school and has become a sustainable culture since 2015. The new culture is characterized by learning about student development and systematic, continuous improvement of teaching in terms of coplanning, trying out and evaluating lessons. This study investigated what key factors helped develop and sustain Subject Didactic Teams in Oxledsskolan. Data was collected through evaluative surveys made by teachers, teacher leaders and principal after the first and second year and by participant observation. Some of the key factors found are: unifying teachers around a common goal, developing joint responsibility for all students learning, forming a long-term development plan and an organization for adjusting the plan according to dilemmas that arises. Paper 3 reports a study across 25 Swedish schools who adopted Subject Didactic Teams. OECD (2015)’s report suggested that many Swedish teachers work alone and do not benefit from peer feedback to improve and innovate teaching practices. To improve this situation, Subject Didactic Teams was developed in 2014. In the arrangement aspects from Teachers Research Groups, Lesson Study and Learning Study are combined for teachers to collaboratively and systematically develop daily teaching on a theoretical foundation. In a Swedish context this means a change in culture on how teachers’ develop their daily teaching from individually to collaboratively. Accordingly, leadership, organization and attitudes are challenged and needs to be developed. In the 25 case schools, teachers and principals made evaluations after their first year by discussing how to develop the organization and work in Subject Didactic Teams. By comparing the evaluations, this study attempted to find some aspects regarding how to develop and sustain the new culture successfully. Some of the key factors found are: establishing a learning community, creating relevant teacher groups and time for meetings, teachers seeing variations of thinking and doing in teaching as an asset to develop teaching.
|
|
| 10. |
- Zhang, Chi, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic performance of photovoltaic water pumping systems with business model innovation in China
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 133, s. 498-510
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expansion by photovoltaic (PV) technologies in the renewable energy market requires exploring added value integrated with business model innovation. In recent years, a pilot trial of PV water pumping (PVWP) technologies for the conservation of grassland and farmland has been conducted in China. In this paper, we studied the added value of the PVWP technologies with an emphasis on the integration of the value proposition with the operation system and customer segmentation. Using the widely used existing PV business models (PV-roof) as a reference, we evaluated discounted cash flow (DCF) and net present value (NPV) under the scenarios of traditional PV roof, PVWP pilot, PVWP scale-up, and PVWP social network, where further added value via social network was included in the business model. The results show that the integrated PVWP system with social network products significantly improves the performance in areas such as the discounted payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), and return on investment (ROI). We conclude that scenario PVWP social network with business model innovation, can result in value add-ins, new sources of revenue, and market incentives. The paper also suggests that current policy incentives for PV industry are not efficient due to a limited source of revenue, and complex procedures of feed-in tariff verification.
|
|
