| 1. |
- Chen, C-M, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical variation and the determinants of domestic endotoxin levels in mattress dust in Europe
- 2012
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 22:1, s. 24-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endotoxin exposures have manifold effects on human health. The geographical variation and determinants of domestic endotoxin levels in Europe have not yet been extensively described. To investigate the geographical variation and determinants of domestic endotoxin concentrations in mattress dust in Europe using data collected in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey follow-up (ECRHS II). Endotoxin levels were measured in mattress dust from 974 ECRHS II participants from 22 study centers using an immunoassay. Information on demographic, lifestyle, and housing characteristics of the participants was obtained in face-to-face interviews. The median endotoxin concentration in mattress dust ranged from 772 endotoxin units per gram (EU/g) dust in Reykjavik, Iceland, to 4806 EU/g in Turin, Italy. High average outdoor summer temperature of study center, cat or dog keeping, a high household crowding index, and visible damp patches in the bedroom were significantly associated with a higher endotoxin concentrations in mattress dust. There is a large variability in domestic endotoxin levels across Europe. Average outdoor summer temperature of study center, which explains only 10% of the variation in domestic endotoxin level by center, is the strongest meteorological determinant. The observed variation needs to be taken into account when evaluating the health effects of endotoxin exposures in international contexts. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The incoherent observations of the health effects of endotoxin may be partly owing to the geographical heterogeneity of endotoxin exposure. Therefore, the observed variation should be considered in further studies. Measurements of indoor endotoxin are recommended as an indicator for the level of exposures of individual domestic environments.
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| 2. |
- Bakolis, I, et al.
(författare)
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Respiratory health and endotoxin : associations and modification by CD14/-260 genotype
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 39:3, s. 573-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to endotoxin has been associated with increased respiratory symptoms and decrements in lung function in occupational settings but little is known about health effects of domestic exposure in adults. We describe the association of respiratory disease, IgE sensitisation, bronchial reactivity and lung function with mattress endotoxin levels in adults and determine whether these associations are modified by polymorphisms in CD14.Endotoxin levels in mattress dust from a population based sample of 972 adults were measured. Associations were examined using generalized linear mixed models, adjusting for individual and household confounders. Effect modification of these associations by CD14/-260 (rs2569190) was assessed.Mattress endotoxin levels varied from 0.1 to 402.6 EU·mg(-1). Although there was no overall association of lung function with endotoxin exposure, there was evidence that the association of FEV1 and FVC with endotoxin was modified by CD14/-260 genotype (p for interaction 0.005 and 0.013 respectively). There was no evidence that symptoms, IgE sensitisation or bronchial reactivity was associated with mattress endotoxin levels.In this large epidemiological study of adults there was no evidence that mattress endotoxin level was associated with respiratory symptoms or IgE sensitisation but the association of lung function with endotoxin levels may be modified by CD14-genotype.
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