| 1. |
- Marklund, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality : An Individual-Level Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Circulation. - : American Heart Association. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 139:21, s. 2422-2436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:Global dietary recommendations for and cardiovascular effects of linoleic acid, the major dietary omega-6 fatty acid, and its major metabolite, arachidonic acid, remain controversial. To address this uncertainty and inform international recommendations, we evaluated how in vivo circulating and tissue levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) relate to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) across multiple international studies.Methods:We performed harmonized, de novo, individual-level analyses in a global consortium of 30 prospective observational studies from 13 countries. Multivariable-adjusted associations of circulating and adipose tissue LA and AA biomarkers with incident total CVD and subtypes (coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular mortality) were investigated according to a prespecified analytic plan. Levels of LA and AA, measured as the percentage of total fatty acids, were evaluated linearly according to their interquintile range (ie, the range between the midpoint of the first and fifth quintiles), and categorically by quintiles. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was explored by age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, statin use, aspirin use, omega-3 levels, and fatty acid desaturase 1 genotype (when available).Results:In 30 prospective studies with medians of follow-up ranging 2.5 to 31.9 years, 15198 incident cardiovascular events occurred among 68659 participants. Higher levels of LA were significantly associated with lower risks of total CVD, cardiovascular mortality, and ischemic stroke, with hazard ratios per interquintile range of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.88-0.99), 0.78 (0.70-0.85), and 0.88 (0.79-0.98), respectively, and nonsignificantly with lower coronary heart disease risk (0.94; 0.88-1.00). Relationships were similar for LA evaluated across quintiles. AA levels were not associated with higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes; in a comparison of extreme quintiles, higher levels were associated with lower risk of total CVD (0.92; 0.86-0.99). No consistent heterogeneity by population subgroups was identified in the observed relationships.Conclusions:In pooled global analyses, higher in vivo circulating and tissue levels of LA and possibly AA were associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular events. These results support a favorable role for LA in CVD prevention.
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| 2. |
- Alsharari, Zayed, et al.
(författare)
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Association between carbohydrate intake and fatty acids in the de novo lipogenic pathway in serum phospholipids and adipose tissue in a population of Swedish men
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-6207 .- 1436-6215. ; 59:5, s. 2089-2097
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Fatty acid composition in blood and adipose tissue (AT) is a useful biomarker of dietary fat quality. However, circulating saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) have been proposed to also reflect carbohydrate-induced de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity. We aimed to test the hypothesis that high carbohydrate intake is related to SFA and MUFA in serum or AT in a Swedish population. Methods Fatty acid composition was measured in serum phospholipids (PL) and AT by gas chromatography in 63-year-old men (n = 299). Carbohydrate and alcohol intake was assessed (validated 7-day food records) in relation to total SFA, 16:0 (palmitate), 16:1 (palmitoleate), and estimated SCD activity (16:1n-7/16:0-ratio) in serum PL and in AT, respectively. Results Total carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with 16:0 in PL (P = 0.005), independently of BMI. Disaccharides were non-linearly (restricted cubic splines) and weakly associated with 16:1 and SCD activity in PL (nonlinear trend,P <= 0.02) but not AT. Carbohydrate intake and SCD expression were not associated (P >= 0.08,n = 81). Alcohol intake was, however, linearly associated with 16:0 in PL (P < 0.001), and with 16:1 (P < 0.001) and SCD activity (P <= 0.005) in both PL and AT. Conclusions Higher carbohydrate intake from sugar-rich foods or beverages was not clearly reflected by higher SFA or SCD activity in serum PL or AT. Alcohol was, however, associated with higher SFA and MUFA.
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| 3. |
- Alsharari, Zayed, et al.
(författare)
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Association between carbohydrate intake and fatty acids in the de novo lipogenic pathwayin serum phospholipids and adipose tissue among 63-year old men
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- AbstractBackground: Fatty acid composition in blood and adipose tissue is useful to reflect dietary fatquality, although the utility of even-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) has been debated. Since SFA also can be produced via de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and desaturated to MUFA, it has been proposed that these fatty acids may reflect carbohydrate-induced DNL. We aimed to test the hypothesis that high carbohydrate intake, especially sugars, is related to SFA and MUFA in serum and adipose tissue.Methods: Validated 7-day food records were collected and fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids (PL) and adipose tissue (AT) were measured in 63-year-old men (n=299). Stearoyl-CoA desaturate (SCD) activities in AT and PL were estimated by the palmitoleic acid (16:1) to palmitic acid (16:0) ratio. Associations of dietary carbohydrate, disaccharides, monosaccharides, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio, and alcohol with the sum of even-chain SFA, 16:0, 16:1, and SCD activity were assessed using linear regression models with and without adjustment for BMI. Non-linear trends were evaluated using restricted cubic splines. In a subsample (n=81) with RNA measured in AT biopsies, associations of dietary carbohydrate and alcohol with SCD gene expression were assessed using linear regression models.Results: In BMI-adjusted models, intake of carbohydrates was inversely associated with palmitic acid in PL (P=0.005). Disaccharide intake was non-linearly associated with 16:1 and SCD activity in PL (P for nonlinear trend ≤0.02), with the lowest values observed in the mid tertile. Alcohol intake was linearly associated with 16:0 in PL (P<0.001) and with 16:1 (P<0.001) and SCD activity (P ≤0.005) in AT. Alcohol intake was non-linear associated (P≤0.02) with 16:1 and SCD activity in PL; with initially stable levels at lower intakes that rapidly increased at intakes above median. In the subsample, we found no associations between carbohydrate intake and SCD gene expression (P ≥0.08).Conclusion: In this Swedish population, we found no evidence to suggest that higher carbohydrate intake or sugar-rich foods or beverages is reflected by higher SFA in PL and AT.Instead, alcohol was consistently associated with higher SFA and MUFA.
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| 4. |
- Alsharari, Zayed, et al.
(författare)
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CarbohydrateIntake and Abdominal Obesity in Swedish Men
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ABSTRACTBackground/Objectives: Associations between carbohydrates, particularly simple sugar and starch, and abdominal anthropometric measures appears controversial. However, the role of dietary carbohydrate intake in obesity and abdominal obesity has been debated, and few studies have been conducted in Nordic populations. We aim to examine the associations between carbohydrate quantity and quality, and anthropometric measures in Swedish men.Subjects/Methods: A cross-sectional investigation of 301 63-year-old men was conducted. Six men were excluded due to missing data on dietary intake and anthropometric measures, leaving 295 men for the present study. Healthy men were recruited from the Swedish 60YO cohort of men and women who had a health screening between 1997 to 1999. Carbohydrate and alcohol intake were assessed by a 7-days food record. The examination included anthropometric measurements (e. g., weight, BMI, WC, WHR, and SAD), fasting blood samples, and a comprehensive questionnaire. Spearman rank correlation and linear regression models were performed to assess relations between dietary intakes and anthropometric measures. Intakes of macronutrients were energy-adjusted according to the residual method. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI for abdominal obesity per intake tertiles.Results: Intakes of carbohydrate, monosaccharide, fibers, and fruits and vegetables correlated negatively with anthropometric measures of overall obesity (BMI) and AO (WC, WHR, and SAD). Total carbohydrate intake was significantly inversely associated with WHR and SAD. Likewise, monosaccharide intake was significantly associated with lower BMI, WC, WHR, and SAD. In contrast, alcohol intake was significantly associated with weight, BMI, WC, and SAD (Table 4). Alcohol intake was associated with AO (P for linear trend 0.002). Men in the highest tertile of alcohol intake were almost three times as likely to have AO compared to the men in the lowest tertile of intake, OR (95% CI): 2.93 (1.40-6.16). There was no evidence of non-linear association between the macronutrients and AO.Conclusion: In this Swedish population of older men, higher intakes of total carbohydrates and monosaccharides were associated a more favorable body fat distribution and lower abdominal adiposity. Men with higher alcohol intake were more likely to have AO as compared with a lower intake.
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| 5. |
- Alsharari, Zayed, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of a 21-item food questionnaire with a 7-day dietary registration andbiomarkers of fat intake in a Swedish cohort of 60-year-old adults.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- AbstractPurpose. To evaluate a 21-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in men participating in alarge cohort of Swedish 60-year-old adults (60YO).Methods. A self-reported FFQ (including 21 qualitative and semi-quantitative questions) was completed by >2000 men as part of a detailed baseline examination. A subsample of 301 men was included in a subsequent study in which detailed dietary habits were determined by a 7-day food record. Spearman rank correlations (r) and weighted Kappa (Kw) statistics were used to compare food intake categories in FFQ and 7-day food record. Furthermore, fatty acid (FA) composition in serum cholesteryl esters, assessed concurrent with the FFQ completion, was used to evaluate intakes of specific fat-rich foods from the FFQ.Results. We found good agreement between FFQ and food records for the reported intake ofalcohol (r=0.72, Kw=0.51), margarine (r=0.60, Kw=0.33), and fruit (r=0.49, Kw=0.31), reasonably good agreement for total fish (r=0.25, Kw=0.23), and egg (r=0.35, Kw=0.28), but poor agreement for other food groups such as bread, cheese, vegetables and cookies. In addition, serum proportions of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FAs and pentadecanoic acid were significantly higher in men with greater intakes of fish and cheese, respectively.Conclusion. In this evaluation of a short FFQ against 7-d food records and serum biomarkers of fat intake we found that the FFQ reasonably well reflected the intake of certain food groups (e.g. alcohol, fish, and margarine), but performed less accurate for other food groups. Firm and overallconclusions on validity are confined by the time-lag between the test and the reference method.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Alsharari, Zayed, et al.
(författare)
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Serum Fatty Acids, Desaturase Activities and Abdominal Obesity - A Population-Based Study of 60-Year Old Men and Women
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abdominal obesity is a key contributor of metabolic disease. Recent trials suggest that dietary fat quality affects abdominal fat content, where palmitic acid and linoleic acid influence abdominal obesity differently, while effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are less studied. Also, fatty acid desaturation may be altered in abdominal obesity. We aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations of serum fatty acids and desaturases with abdominal obesity prevalence in a population-based cohort study. Serum cholesteryl ester fatty acids composition was measured by gas chromatography in 60-year old men (n = 1883) and women (n = 2015). Cross-sectional associations of fatty acids with abdominal obesity prevalence and anthropometric measures (e.g., sagittal abdominal diameter) were evaluated in multivariable-adjusted logistic and linear regression models, respectively. Similar models were employed to investigate relations between desaturase activities (estimated by fatty acid ratios) and abdominal obesity. In logistic regression analyses, palmitic acid, stearoyl-CoA- desaturase and Delta 6-desaturase indices were associated with abdominal obesity; multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for highest versus lowest quartiles were 1.45 (1.19-1.76), 4.06 (3.27-5.05), and 3.07 (2.51-3.75), respectively. Linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, docohexaenoic acid, and Delta 5-desaturase were inversely associated with abdominal obesity; multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals): 0.39 (0.32-0.48), 0.74 (0.61-0.89), 0.76 (0.62-0.93), and 0.40 (0.33-0.49), respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid was not associated with abdominal obesity. Similar results were obtained from linear regression models evaluating associations with different anthropometric measures. Sex-specific and linear associations were mainly observed for n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, while associations of the other exposures were generally non-linear and similar across sexes. In accordance with findings from short-term trials, abdominal obesity was more common among individuals with relatively high proportions of palmitic acid, whilst the contrary was true for linoleic acid. Further trials should examine the potential role of linoleic acid and its main dietary source, vegetable oils, in abdominal obesity prevention.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in anthropometric measures in immigrants and Swedish-born individuals : results from two community-based cohort studies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Preventive Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0091-7435 .- 1096-0260. ; 69, s. 151-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To study differences in body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), waist-hip-height ratio (WHHR) and percent body fat in immigrants and Swedish-born men and women in two large population-based samples.METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 60-year-old individuals, n=4 232. To replicate the results, we also assessed another large independent cohort cross-sectionally, the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDC, n=26 777). The data from both cohorts were collected in the 1990s in Sweden.RESULTS: Significant differences between Finnish-born, Middle Eastern and women from the rest of the world were seen for all anthropometric measures, using Swedish-born women as referent. However, WHHR was the only anthropometric measure that identified all these three groups of immigrant women as different from Swedish-born women with high statistical certainty (p<0.001). Apart from WHHR that identified differences in anthropometry in all immigrant groups of men using Swedish-born men as referent, few significant differences were seen in anthropometry among groups of immigrant men. These finding were observed in both cohorts, and remained after adjustments for smoking, physical activity and educational level.CONCLUSION: The present study confirms previous findings of more obesity among immigrants and is the first to report that WHHR measurements may detect anthropometric differences between different ethnic groups better than other anthropometrical measures.
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| 9. |
- Marklund, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Polyunsaturated Fat Intake Estimated by Circulating Biomarkers and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in a Population-Based Cohort of 60-Year-Old Men and Women
- 2015
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Ingår i: Circulation. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 132:7, s. 586-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background High intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Large, prospective studies including both sexes and circulating PUFAs as dietary biomarkers are needed. We investigated sex-specific associations of the major dietary PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid, docohexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, and -linolenic acid, with incident CVD and all-cause mortality in a population-based cohort. Methods and Results PUFAs in serum cholesterol esters were measured at baseline in 60-year-old Swedish women (n=2193) and men (n=2039). With the use of national registers, 484 incident CVD events (294 men and 190 women) and 456 all-cause deaths (265 men and 191 women) were identified during follow-up (median, 14.5 years) in individuals without prior CVD at baseline. Associations of PUFAs with CVD and mortality were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard models. In multivariable-adjusted models, 1-SD increases in eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexaenoic acid were associated with lower risk of incident CVD among women (hazard ratio [HR], 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64-0.97] and 0.74 [95% CI, 0.61-0.89], respectively). -Linolenic acid was associated with moderately increased CVD risk in women (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.32). Inverse associations with all-cause mortality were observed for eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexaenoic acid among all participants (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.72-0.91] and 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.89], respectively) and for linoleic acid in men (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.83). Conclusions Serum linoleic acid and very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs, partly reflecting vegetable oil and fish intake, respectively, were inversely associated with all-cause mortality. Inverse associations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexaenoic acid with incident CVD were observed only in women.
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| 10. |
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