| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Hudson, Thomas J., et al.
(författare)
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International network of cancer genome projects
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 464:7291, s. 993-998
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was launched to coordinate large-scale cancer genome studies in tumours from 50 different cancer types and/or subtypes that are of clinical and societal importance across the globe. Systematic studies of more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic levels will reveal the repertoire of oncogenic mutations, uncover traces of the mutagenic influences, define clinically relevant subtypes for prognosis and therapeutic management, and enable the development of new cancer therapies.
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| 3. |
- Monzó, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model for the Thermal Response of a Borehole Field
- 2014
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Ingår i: ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS 2014, VOL 120, PT 2. - : ASHRAE.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design of borehole fields for ground coupled-heat pump systems is often based on so-called g-functions, a pre-calculated dimensionless temperature response to a step heat load. The g-function is specific to the borehole field geometry. For a long-term analysis of a particular borehole field, the average borehole wall temperature is obtained from the g-function and a temporal superposition of its thermal load steps. There are two accepted provisions for the g-function regarding the boundary condition used at (and along) the borehole wall: a constant heat flux at every instant of time, or a uniform temperature at constant total heat flow to the borehole field, respectively. In this paper, a numerical model is built up according to the geometrical characteristics and ground thermal properties of a 2x3 borehole demo site at the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. The model is separately studied with regard to the two boundary conditions. The models are first compared in terms of their g-function, which are verified against reference solutions. Then, the daily fluid temperatures are obtained from each of these models with measured daily loads during a six year period. The results are compared with measured daily fluid temperatures for the sixth year of operation. The simulated values present, in general, a good agreement with the measured data. The results show that there are no significant differences with regard to the boundary conditions at the borehole wall, which for this specific case is due to the fact that the system is thermally balanced. The simulated temperatures are more accurate during cooling periods.
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