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Sökning: WFRF:(Ekblad L) > (2010-2014)

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1.
  • Ederth, Thomas, et al. (författare)
  • Resistance of Galactoside-Terminated Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers to Marine Fouling Organisms
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 3:10, s. 3890-3901
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of galactoside-terminated alkanethiols have protein-resistance properties which can be tuned via the degree of methylation [Langmuir 2005, 21, 2971-2980]. Specifically, a partially methylated compound was more resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption than the hydroxylated or fully methylated counterparts. We investigate whether this also holds true for resistance to the attachment and adhesion of a range of marine species, in order to clarify to what extent resistance to protein adsorption correlates with the more complex adhesion of fouling organisms. The partially methylated galactoside-terminated SAM was further compared to a mixed monolayer of omega-substituted methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiols with wetting properties and surface ratio of hydroxyl to methyl groups matching that of the galactoside. The settlement (initial attachment) and adhesion strength of four model marine fouling organisms were investigated, representing both micro- and macrofoulers; two bacteria (Cobetia marina and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus), barnacle cypris larvae (Balanus amphitrite), and algal zoospores (Ulva linza). The minimum in protein adsorption onto the partially methylated galactoside surface was partly reproduced in the marine fouling assays, providing some support for a relationship between protein resistance and adhesion of marine fouling organisms. The mixed alkanethiol SAM, which was matched in wettability to the partially methylated galactoside SAM, consistently showed higher settlement (initial attachment) of test organisms than the galactoside, implying that both wettability and surface chemistry are insufficient to explain differences in fouling resistance. We suggest that differences in the structure of interfacial water may explain the variation in adhesion to these SAMs.
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2.
  • Ekblad, Alf, et al. (författare)
  • The ectomycorrhizal mycelium and its importance in carbon cycling : strengths and weaknesses in current knowledge
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Below ground carbon turnover in European forests. - Birmensdorf : Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL. ; , s. 23-30
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ecological importance of the extramatrical (EM) mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi is immense. To list but a few key functions; they are essential for nutrient uptake, growth and survival of most land plants. They are important for plant-plant interactions and for food webs in the soil. The production of the EM mycelium of ectomycorrhizas in forests might be in the same range as that of the fine roots. Thus the amount of carbon invested in the construction, operation and maintenance of this system is potentially very large. The importance of the EM mycelium in carbon cycling in ecosystems has only recently been recognised by a broader scientific community. However, currently our knowledge is limited of the basic parameters needed to calculate the extent of the EM mycelium in C dynamics such as variation in mycelial production, standing biomass and thus turnover rates, as well as its importance for the formation of stable soil carbon. Further, we also know very little about the regulating mechanisms behind such variations. In this paper we will first make a brief review of the current knowledge of the EM mycelium in C soil dynamics and identify important gaps in this knowledge. We will then present the methods currently available to estimate mycelial production and standing biomass, and subsequently turnover, and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.
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3.
  • Ekblad, Alf, 1957-, et al. (författare)
  • The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils : role in carbon cycling
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 366:1-2, s. 1-27
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is growing evidence of the importance of extramatrical mycelium (EMM) of mycorrhizal fungi in carbon (C) cycling in ecosystems. However, our understanding has until recently been mainly based on laboratory experiments, and knowledge of such basic parameters as variations in mycelial production, standing biomass and turnover as well as the regulatory mechanisms behind such variations in forest soils is limited. Presently, the production of EMM by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi has been estimated at similar to 140 different forest sites to be up to several hundreds of kg per ha per year, but the published data are biased towards Picea abies in Scandinavia. Little is known about the standing biomass and turnover of EMM in other systems, and its influence on the C stored or lost from soils. Here, focussing on ectomycorrhizas, we discuss the factors that regulate the production and turnover of EMM and its role in soil C dynamics, identifying important gaps in this knowledge. C availability seems to be the key factor determining EMM production and possibly its standing biomass in forests but direct effects of mineral nutrient availability on the EMM can be important. There is great uncertainty about the rate of turnover of EMM. There is increasing evidence that residues of EM fungi play a major role in the formation of stable N and C in SOM, which highlights the need to include mycorrhizal effects in models of global soil C stores.
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4.
  • Ekblad, Tobias, 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • Patterned Hydrogels for Controlled Platelet Adhesion from Whole Blood and Plasma
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 20:15, s. 2396-2403
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This work describes the preparation and properties of hydrogel surface chemistries enabling controlled and well-defined cell adhesion. The hydrogels may be prepared directly on plastic substrates, such as polystyrene slides or dishes, using a quick and experimentally simple photopolymerization process, compatible with photolithographic and microfluidic patterning methods. The intended application for these materials is as substrates for diagnostic cell adhesion assays, particularly for the analysis of human platelet function. The adsorption of fibrinogen and other platelet promoting molecules is shown to be completely inhibited by the hydrogel, provided that the film thickness is sufficient (>5 nm). This allows the hydrogel to be used as a matrix for presenting selected bioactive ligands without risking interference from nonspecifically adsorbed platelet adhesion factors, even in undiluted whole blood and blood plasma. This concept is demonstrated by preparing patterns of proteins on hydrogel surfaces, resulting in highly controlled platelet adhesion. Further insights into the protein immobilization and platelet adhesion processes are provided by studies using imaging surface plasmon resonance. The hydrogel surfaces used in this work appear to provide an ideal platform for cell adhesion studies of platelets, and potentially also for other cell types.
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5.
  • Faxälv, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Blood compatibility of photografted hydrogel coatings
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: ACTA BIOMATERIALIA. - : Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam. - 1742-7061. ; 6:7, s. 2599-2608
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In this work we have evaluated the haemocompatibility of different surface modifications, intended for biomaterials and biosensor applications. Polystyrene slides were coated with thin hydrogel films by self-initiated photografting of four different monomers. The hydrogel surface modifications were thoroughly characterized and tested for their protein resistance and ability to facilitate platelet adhesion and activation of the coagulation system. There was very little protein adsorption from human plasma on the hydrogels formed from poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Platelet adhesion tests performed under both static and flow conditions showed that these coatings also demonstrated very high resistance towards platelet adhesion. A small amount of platelets were found to adhere to hydrogels formed from ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (EGMEMA) and 2-carboxyethyl methacrylate (CEA). The polystyrene substrates themselves facilitated large amounts of platelet adhesion under both static and flow conditions. Utilizing a novel setup for imaging of coagulation, it was shown that none of the hydrogel surfaces activated the coagulation system to any great extent. We suggest that this simple fabrication method can be used to produce hydrogel coatings with unusually high blood compatibility, suitable for demanding biomaterials applications.
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6.
  • Fyrner, Timmy, et al. (författare)
  • Saccharide-Functionalized Alkanethiols for Fouling-Resistant Self-Assembled Monolayers: Synthesis, Monolayer Properties, and Antifouling Behavior
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society. - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 27:24, s. 15034-15047
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We describe the synthesis of a series of mono-, di-, and trisaccharide-functionalized alkanethiols as well as the formation of fouling-resistant self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from these. The SAls,,Is were characterized using ellipsometry, wetting measurements, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (WAS). We show that the structure of the carbohydrate moiety affects the packing density and that this also alters the alkane chain organization. Upon increasing the size of the sugar moieties (from mono- to di- and trisaccharides), the structural qualities of the monolayers deteriorated with increasing disorder, and for the trisaccharide, slow reorganization dynamics in response to changes in the environmental polarity were observed. The antifouling properties of these SAMs were investigated through protein adsorption experiments from buffer solutions as well as settlement (attachment) tests using two common marine fouling species, zoospores of the green macroalga Ulva linza and cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. The SAMs showed overall good resistance to fouling by both the proteins and the tested marine organisms. To improve the packing density of the SAMs with bulky headgroups, we employed mixed SAMs where the saccharide-thiols are diluted with a filler molecule having a small 2-hydroxyethyl headgroup. This method also provides a means by which the steric availability of sugar moieties can be varied, which is of interest for specific interaction studies with surface-bound sugars. The results of the surface dilution study and the low nonspecific adsorption onto the SAMs both indicate the feasibility of this approach.
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7.
  • Ladd, Brenton, et al. (författare)
  • Carbon isotopic signatures of soil organic matter correlate with leaf area index across woody biomes
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 102:6, s. 1606-1611
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Leaf area index (LAI), a measure of canopy density, is a key variable for modelling and understanding primary productivity, and also water use and energy exchange in forest ecosystems. However, LAI varies considerably with phenology and disturbance patterns, so alternative approaches to quantifying stand-level processes should be considered. The carbon isotope composition of soil organic matter (C-13(SOM)) provides a time-integrated, productivity-weighted measure of physiological and stand-level processes, reflecting biomass deposition from seasonal to decadal time scales.Our primary aim was to explore how well LAI correlates with C-13(SOM) across biomes.Using a global data set spanning large environmental gradients in tropical, temperate and boreal forest and woodland, we assess the strength of the correlation between LAI and C-13(SOM); we also assess climatic variables derived from the WorldClim database.We found that LAI was strongly correlated with C-13(SOM), but was also correlated with Mean Temperature of the Wettest Quarter, Mean Precipitation of Warmest Quarter and Annual Solar Radiation across and within biomes.Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that C-13(SOM) values can provide spatially explicit estimates of leaf area index (LAI) and could therefore serve as a surrogate for productivity and water use. While C-13(SOM) has traditionally been used to reconstruct the relative abundance of C-3 versus C-4 species, the results of this study demonstrate that within stable C-3- or C-4-dominated biomes, C-13(SOM) can provide additional insights. The fact that LAI is strongly correlated to C-13(SOM) may allow for a more nuanced interpretation of ecosystem properties of palaeoecosystems based on palaeosol C-13 values.
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8.
  • Orlova, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Site-specific radiometal labeling and improved biodistribution using ABY-027, a novel HER2-targeting affibody molecule-albumin-binding domain fusion protein
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Medicine. - : Society of Nuclear Medicine. - 0161-5505 .- 1535-5667 .- 2159-662X. ; 54:6, s. 961-968
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Because of their better penetration, smaller targeting proteins may be superior to antibodies for radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors. Therefore, Affibody molecules (6.5 kDa) have a potential for being suitable as targeted moiety for radiolabeled therapeutic proteins. Previous studies have demonstrated that a fusion of an Affibody molecule with an albumin-binding domain (ABD) provides a strong noncovalent binding to albumin in vivo. This strong noncovalent binding can be used for reduction of the renal uptake of the Affibody molecule while maintaining a size smaller than that of an antibody, which is important when using residualizing radionuclide labels conjugated to Affibody molecules. The goal of this study was to design and evaluate a new targeting Affibody - ABD fusion protein with improved biodistribution properties for radionuclide therapy. Methods: A novel Affibody-based construct, Z HER2:2891-ABD035-DOTA (ABY-027), was created by fusion of the reengineered HER2-binding Affibody molecule ZHER2:2891 to the N terminus of the high-affinity ABD035, and a maleimido-derivative of DOTA was conjugated at the C terminus of the construct. Binding and processing of 177Lu-ABY-027 by HER2-expressing cells were evaluated in vitro. Targeting of HER2-expressing SKOV-3 xenografts was evaluated in BALB/C nu/nu mice and compared with targeting of previously reported ABD-(Z HER2:342)2. Results: The binding affinity (dissociation constant) of ABY-027 to HER2 (74 pM) was the same as for the parental Z HER2:2891 (76 pM). ABY-027 was stably labeled with 177Lu and 111In with preserved specific binding to HER2-expressing cells in vitro. In vivo receptor saturation experiments demonstrated that targeting of SKOV-3 xenografts in BALB/C nu/nu mice was HER2-specific. 177Lu-ABY- 027 demonstrated substantially (2- to 3-fold) lower renal and hepatic uptake than previously assessed HER2-specific Affibody-based albumin-binding agents. Tumor uptake of radiolabeled ABY-027 at 48 h after injection was 2-fold higher than that for previously reported ABD-(ZHER2:342)2. Conclusion: An optimized molecular design of an ABD fusion protein resulted in an Affibody molecule construct with better properties for therapy. Fully preserved in vivo targeting of the fusion protein was shown in xenografted mice. Site-specific coupling of DOTA provides a uniform conjugate and creates the potential for labeling with a broad range of therapeutic radionuclides. The biodistribution of 177Lu-ABY-027 in a murine model suggests it is more suitable for therapy than alternative approaches.
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9.
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10.
  • Wallander, Håkan, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of methods to estimate production, biomass and turnover of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests soils : a review
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 57, s. 1034-1047
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mycorrhizal fungi constitute a considerable sink for carbon in most ecosystems. This carbon is used for building extensive mycelial networks in the soil as well as for metabolic activity related to nutrient uptake. A number of methods have been developed recently to quantify production, standing biomass and turnover of extramatrical mycorrhizal mycelia (EMM) in the field. These methods include minirhizotrons, in-growth mesh bags and cores, and indirect measurements of EMM based on classification of ectomycorrhizal fungi into exploration types. Here we review the state of the art of this methodology and discuss how it can be developed and applied most effectively in the field, Furthermore, we also discuss different ways to quantify fungal biomass based on biomarkers such as chitin, ergosterol and PLFAs, as well as molecular methods, such as qPCR. The evidence thus far indicates that mycorrhizal fungi are key components of microbial biomass in many ecosystems. We highlight the need to extend the application of current methods to focus on a greater range of habitats and mycorrhizal types enabling incorporation of mycorrhizal fungal biomass and turnover into biogeochemical cycling models.
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