| 1. |
- Bosch, Jan, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Eternal Embedded Software: Towards Innovation Experiment Systems
- 2012
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In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783642340253 ; 7609:PART 1, s. 19-31
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper discusses the concept of innovation experiment systems in the context of long-lived embedded systems. These systems need to evolve continuously to stay competitive and provide value to the customer and end-user, especially in domains where the pace of change is increasing.Innovation experiment systems provide a natural mechanism that allows an embedded system, its architecture and underlying platform to continuously evolve in response to changes in the user requirements and system context. It uses a rapid feedback loop to evaluate the benefits of small variations to users with the intent of continuous improvements.The paper explores the architectural implications as the ability to continuously evolve and conduct experiences in the deployed product context in a safe and controlled manner must be supported by the architecture of the embedded systems.Finally, the paper illustrates these concepts using a case study concerning an infotainment system in the automotive industry.
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| 2. |
- Eklund, Lina, et al.
(author)
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Using geographical information systems to analyse accessibility to health services in the West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory
- 2012
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In: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. - 1020-3397. ; 18:8, s. 796-802
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedAccessibility to adequate health services is a basic human right. Israeli road blocks and checkpoints inhibit access to health care for the Palestinian population. While other studies have dealt with the impact of the barriers, few are based on actual measurements of transport times between locations. Geographical information systems (GIS) and network analysis were used to generate different estimations of accessibility based on the existing road network and transport barriers. The population negatively affected were mainly people living outside urban centres and in governorates with no general hospital. Quantitative measurements using GIS can be used to confirm qualitative studies based on interviews and questionnaires and improve the understanding of the results. Working with a spatial analysis tool also helps to pinpoint weaknesses in the current infrastructure, thus improving the efficiency of future investments to improve health care in the West Bank.
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| 3. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(author)
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A Classification of Value for Software Architecture Decisions
- 2010
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In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783642151132 ; 6285, s. 368-375
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper introduces a classification for decisions originating from work performed by architects. With the creation of a new architecture, all observed decisions were documented using an existing taxonomy extended with the introduced classification.In the first four months, 80 decisions were documented. Not all decisions have the same value for the architecture and one needed a classification to reason about importance of decisions.After realization of the first increment of the architecture a sanity check was performed: The architects showed how the six most important design artefacts and the fifteen most important architectural constraints and prerequisites were related. The relationship was via decisions and the classification helps to reduce the work to make and maintain this connection over time.The classification is dynamic and over time decisions can be classified differently. This enables architectural learning by pointing out which decisions were taken too early or had little impact.
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| 4. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(author)
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A reference architecture template for software-intensive embedded systems
- 2012
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In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450315685 ; , s. 104-111
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper presents a document template for reference architectures for the domain of software-intensive embedded systems. The template addresses the somewhat conflicting needs when documenting a reference architecture of readability, overview, details, evolution and different background of the stakeholders. The first novel idea is the template prescribes two separate documents describing a reference architecture beside the product architecture documentation. The information in the two documents concern different stakeholders and evolve at different paces. The other novelty in describing reference architectures is to introduce a perspective of time, in the form of horizons, rather than focusing on a snapshot a release date. In addition, a case is presented giving an example of how a reference architecture was documented according to the template, how stakeholder needs were captured, and how the different types of information was identified or recovered from existing product architectures.
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| 5. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Applying Agile Development in Mass-Produced Embedded Systems
- 2012
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In: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. - 9783642303494 ; 111, s. 31-46
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper presents a method to manage critical interactions to manage when introducing agile software development in mass-produced embedded systems. The method consists of a context model together with a set of measures, and is validated by empirical evidence from three cases.From an industrial perspective, the paper provides a prescription on how to implement agile software development outside the typical domains for agile, in this case for mass-produced products with embedded software governed by a stage-gate process for mechanics and hardware.From a research perspective, the paper provides an analysis of the software development cycle for products with embedded software, especially where product development as a whole is driven by a plan-driven process. The main contribution is a method for introducing agile in areas where by necessity the full R&D process cannot be agile.
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| 6. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, et al.
(author)
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Archetypical Approaches of Fast Software Development and Slow Embedded Projects
- 2013
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In: Proceedings 39th Euromicro Conference Series on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications. - : IEEE. - 9780769550916 ; , s. 276-283
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper describes the problem context of software development for mass-produced embedded systems, with distinguishing factors such as the co-design of software and hardware, strong focus on manufacturing aspects, supplier involvement and safety-critical functionality. In this context there is a need for a holistic model to explain the failures and successes industrial projects, where just investigating a single dimension, e.g. chosen ways-of-working or architecture is not sufficient. The main contribution is a holistic model consisting of five archetypical approaches to embedded software development, based on a mapping study over industrial cases in literature. The approaches range from "traditional" stage-gate projects focusing on product qualities and large integration efforts, to fast development in short loops by autonomous teams based on a compos able software platform. The model aligns the processes with the architecture of the embedded software, and the implications on the business and the organisation. The model allows an research &development(R&D) organisation to identify where it is positioned and to evolve its software development approach. The model is elucidated by two empirical cases from a Swedish company.
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| 7. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Architecting automotive product lines: Industrial practice
- 2013
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In: Science of Computer Programming. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6423. ; 78:12, s. 2347-2359
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents an in-depth view of how architects work with maintaining product line architectures at two internationally well-known automotive companies.The case study shows several interesting results. The process of managing architectural changes as well as the information the architects maintain and update is surprisingly similar between the two companies, despite that one has a strong line organisation and the other a strong project organisation. The architecting process found does not differ from what can be seen in other business domains. What does differ is that the architects studied see themselves interacting much more with other stakeholders than architects in general. The actual architectures are based on similar technology, e.g. CAN, but the network topology, S/W deployment and interfaces are totally different. The results indicate how the company’s different core values influence the architects when defining and maintaining the architectures over time.One company maintains four similar architectures in parallel, each at a different stage in their respective life-cycle, while the other has a single architecture for all products since 2002. The organisational belonging of the architects in the former company has been turbulent in contrast to the latter and there is some speculation if this is correlated.
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| 8. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Architecture for embedded open software ecosystems
- 2014
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In: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 92:O, 2003, Std 11898, s. 128-142
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Software is prevalent in embedded products and may be critical for the success of the products, but manufacturers may view software as a necessary evil rather than as a key strategic opportunity and business differentiator. One of the reasons for this can be extensive supplier and subcontractor relationships and the cost, effort or unpredictability of the deliverables from the subcontractors are experienced as a major problem. The paper proposes open software ecosystem as an alternative approach to develop software for embedded systems, and elaborates on the necessary quality attributes of an embedded platform underlying such an ecosystem. The paper then defines a reference architecture consisting of 17 key decisions together with four architectural patterns, and provides the rationale why they are essential for an open software ecosystem platform for embedded systems in general and automotive systems in particular. The reference architecture is validated through a prototypical platform implementation in an industrial setting, providing a deeper understanding of how the architecture could be realised in the automotive domain. Four potential existing platforms, all targeted at the embedded domain (Android, OKL4, AUTOSAR and Robocop), are evaluated against the identified quality attributes to see how they could serve as a basis for an open software ecosystem platform with the conclusion that while none of them is a perfect fit they all have fundamental mechanisms necessary for an open software ecosystem approach.
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Architecture for Large-Scale Innovation Experiment Systems
- 2012
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In: Proceedings of the Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture and European Conference on Software Architecture. - 9780769548272 ; , s. 244-248
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Business and design decisions regarding software development should be based on data, not opinions among developers, domain experts or managers. The company running the most and fastest experiments among the customer base against the lowest cost per experiment outcompetes others by having the data to engineer products with outstanding qualities such as power consumption and user experience. Innovation experiment systems for mass-produced devices with embedded software is an evolution of current R&D practices, going from where innovations are internally evaluated by the original equipment manufacturer to where they are tried by real users in a scale relevant to the full customer base. The turnaround time from developing and deploying an embedded product to getting customer feedback is decreased to weeks, the limit being the speed of the software development teams. The paper presents an embedded architecture for realising such a novel innovation experiment system based on a set of scenarios of what to evaluate in the experiments. A case is presented implementing an architecture in a prototype in-vehicle infotainment system where comparative testing between two software alternatives was performed.
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, et al.
(author)
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Characterising Software Platforms from an Architectural Perspective
- 2013
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In: Software Architecure. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. ; , s. 344-347
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With demands of speed in software development it is of interest to build on available software platforms that incorporate the necessary non-competitive functionalities and focus the development effort on adding features to a competitive product. This paper proposes that we move from an API-oriented focus and instead suggest four architectural concerns for describing software platforms as more relevant.
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