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| 2. |
- Hillier, Ladeana W, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 432:7018, s. 695-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
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| 4. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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A generalized method for the solid-liquid equilibrium stage and its application in process simulation
- 2002
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Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 41, s. 2040-2046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the important need of simulations of the crystallization process in aqueous electrolyte solutions, a generalized method is proposed in this paper for predicting the solid-liquid equilibrium stage by identifying the number of phases and their identities automatically. The proposed method is also used to generate phase diagrams and crystallization paths and to provide an example of the software that can be used to design, simulate, and optimize the related process. Several cases are studied to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method for systems with hydrate, multi-ion, and complex salts.
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| 5. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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Activity coefficients of HCl in the HCl + NH4Cl + H2O systems at 298.15 and 313.15 K
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-9568 .- 1520-5134. ; 45:1, s. 29-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the ion-selective electrode method with a concentrated electrolyte solution added continuously, the mean activity coefficients of HCl in the HCl + NH4Cl + H2O system were experimentally measured at 298.15 and 313.15 K and at five molality fractions of NH4Cl (y2 = mNH4Cl/(mHCl + mNH4Cl) from 0.1 to 0.9. The measurements were made by an electrochemical cell using a H glass ion-selective electrode and a chloride solid-state ion-selective electrode. It was found that the influence of NH4+ on the H glass ion-selective electrode could be neglected up to 1.3 molkg-1, and this pair of ion-selective electrodes was suitable for determining the activity coefficients of HCl in the system. A new set of Pitzer mixing parameters, correlated from the experimental results, was used to calculate the activity coefficients for HCl in the system from 293.15 to 313.15 K up to 3.0 molkg-1.
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| 6. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of dissolution kinetics of K2SO4 crystal with ion selective electrode
- 2001
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Science. - 0009-2509 .- 1873-4405. ; 56, s. 7017-7024
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dissolution kinetics of potassium sulfate crystals was studied and the effects of hydrodynamic situation and temperature on the dissolution were investigated. The dissolution was determined by measuring the change of electromotive force (E) with the potassium ion selective electrode. From the values of E, the concentration of K+ was calculated combined with an activity coefficient model. The results are accurate and rapid, the maximum deviation is less than 2%. Theory, developed for constant bulk concentration in a rotating disk system, was modified in order to analyze the general grain dissolution process. Normal distribution was introduced in calculating the area of crystals in order to obtain reliable dissolution rate. Using the modified theory diffusion rate constant, equilibrium exchange rate constant and thickness of diffusion layer were obtained. It is found that the diffusion rate constants increase while the thickness of diffusion layer decreases with the increase of temperature and stirring speed; the equilibrium exchange rate is dependent on bulk concentration.
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| 7. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of the activity coefficients of NaCl in the system NaCl-NH4Cl-H2O
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Solution Chemistry. - 0095-9782 .- 1572-8927. ; 30, s. 463-473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using ion-selective electrode(s) (ISE) the activity coefficients of NaCl in the system NaCl-NH4Cl-H2O at 10, 25, and 40°C were measured by a computer-controlled automatic titration system. The ionic strength fractions of NH4Cl were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, respectively. It was found that the influence of the NH4+ cation on the Na glass ISE was small enough to be neglected up to 3.0 mol-kg-1. The Pitzer equation was adopted to calculate the activity coefficients of NaCl in this system and compared with the experimental data. Comparison of results indicates that the Pitzer parameters correlated from solubility data are suitable for calculating the activity coefficients for this system within the saturated solutions.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ji, Xiaoyan, et al.
(författare)
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Mean activity coefficients of NaCl in (sodium chloride + sodium bicarbonate + water) fromT = (293.15 to 308.15) K
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9614 .- 1096-3626. ; 33, s. 1107-1119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mean activity coefficients of NaCl in (sodium chloride + sodium bicarbonate + water) were determined experimentally in the temperature range 293.15 K to 308.15 K at four NaHCO3 molality fractions (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7). The measurements were made with an electrochemical cell, using a Na+ glass ion-selective electrode and a Cl- solid-state ion-selective electrode. The experimental values reported by Butler and Huston are found to be higher than those calculated from the Pitzer equation using the existing parameters while the experimental results of this work are close to the calculated values, up to an NaHCO3 molality fraction of 0.5. At the NaHCO3 molality fraction of 0.7, the experimental data are much lower than the calculated values, implying that the interference of HCO3- on the Na+ glass ion-selective electrode can only be neglected up to a molality fraction of NaHCO3 of 0.5, an observation which is consistent with that of Butler and Huston.
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| 10. |
- Liu, Jian-Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Hepatic cirrhosis increases sensitivity of kidney to endotoxin in rats
- 2002
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Ingår i: Medical Science Monitor. - 1643-3750. ; 8:2, s. 56-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Renal failure in cirrhotic patients is a severe complication and endotoxemia might be involved. We investigated the effect of endotoxin on renal function of cirrhotic rats and the potential protective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). MATERIAL/METHODS: Hepatic cirrhosis was generated in a rat model by carbon tetrachloride. Both cirrhotic and normal rats were insulted by endotoxin intravenously, while another cirrhotic group was pre-treated with NAC. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were assayed eight hours later. The changes in serum tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) were assayed by ELISA. The histological changes in the kidney were observed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: Endotoxin increased the BUN and creatinine levels in both normal and cirrhotic rats, with a much higher elevation in the latter group. TNF-a concentration was also increased by endotoxin; the changes are positively correlated with BUN and creatinine. NAC pretreatment significantly attenuates the effects of endotoxin on BUN, creatinine and TNF-a levels in cirrhotic rats with no improvement in systemic toxicity symptoms. There were no obvious histological changes in the kidney of these animals. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic cirrhosis increased the sensitivity of renal function to endotoxemia, which may be protected by NAC.
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