Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals.

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Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes : a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals.

Kivimäki, Mika (author): Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Virtanen, Marianna (author): Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Tampere, and Turku, Finland,Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Kawachi, Ichiro (author): Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Soc Human Dev & Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA

Theorell, Töres (author): Karolinska Institutet,Stockholms universitet,Stressforskningsinstitutet,Epidemiologi

Alfredsson, Lars (author): Karolinska Institutet

Batty, G. David (author): Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Bjorner, Jakob B. (author): National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark,Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, Copenhagen, Denmark

Borritz, Marianne (author): Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, Copenhagen, Denmark

Brunner, Eric J. (author): Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Burr, Hermann (author): Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany,Fed Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Berlin, Germany

Dragano, Nico (author): Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,Univ Dusseldorf, Fac Med, Inst Med Sociol, Dusseldorf, Germany

Ferrie, Jane E. (author): Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Fransson, Eleonor I (author): Stockholms universitet,Jönköping University,HHJ, Avdelningen för naturvetenskap och biomedicin,HHJ. ADULT,Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, Stockholm, Sweden,Stressforskningsinstitutet,Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Jönkoping University, Sweden

Hamer, Mark (author): UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Heikkilä, Katriina (author): Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Knutsson, Anders (author): Mittuniversitetet,Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap

Koskenvuo, Markku (author): Univ Helsinki, Dept Publ Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Madsen, Ida E H (author): Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, Copenhagen, Denmark

Nielsen, Martin L (author): Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, Copenhagen, Denmark

Nordin, Maria (author): Umeå universitet,Institutionen för psykologi,Umea Univ, Dept Psychol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden

Oksanen, Tuula (author): Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Pejtersen, Jan H (author): Danish Natl Ctr Social Res, Copenhagen, Denmark

Pentti, Jaana (author): Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Rugulies, Reiner (author): Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, Copenhagen, Denmark

Salo, Paula (author): Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Siegrist, Johannes (author): Univ Dusseldorf, Fac Med, Inst Med Sociol, Dusseldorf, Germany

Steptoe, Andrew (author): UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Suominen, Sakari (author): Folkhalsan Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland

Theorell, Töres (author)

Vahtera, Jussi (author): Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

Westerholm, Peter J. M. (author): Uppsala universitet,Arbets- och miljömedicin

Westerlund, Hugo (author): Karolinska Institutet,Stockholms universitet,Stressforskningsinstitutet,Epidemiologi

Singh-Manoux, Archana (author): UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1E 6BT, England

Jokela, Markus (author)

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2015
2015
English.
In: The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. - 2213-8587 .- 2213-8595. ; 3:1, s. 27-34

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Journal article (peer-reviewed)

Abstract Subject headings

BACKGROUND: Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.METHODS: We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis.FINDINGS: During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 person-years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35-40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89-1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates (I(2)=53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06-1·57, difference in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I(2)=0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80-1·25, incidence difference zero per 10 000 person-years, I(2)=15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers.INTERPRETATION: In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups.FUNDING: Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), Economic and Social Research Council, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.

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MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES: MEDICAL AND HEAL ...; and Health Sciences; and Public Health Gl ...

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Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes : a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals.

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