| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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| 5. |
- Dedes, Grigorios, et al.
(författare)
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Conversion of organosolv pretreated hardwood biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by combining enzymatic hydrolysis and isomerization with homogeneous catalysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biotechnology for Biofuels. - : Springer Nature. - 1754-6834 .- 1754-6834. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Over the last few years, valorization of lignocellulosic biomass has been expanded beyond the production of second-generation biofuels to the synthesis of numerous platform chemicals to be used instead of their fossil-based counterparts. One such well-researched example is 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is preferably produced by the dehydration of fructose. Fructose is obtained by the isomerization of glucose, which in turn is derived by the hydrolysis of cellulose. However, to avoid harsh reaction conditions with high environmental impact, an isomerization step towards fructose is necessary, as fructose can be directly dehydrated to HMF under mild conditions. This work presents an optimized process to produce fructose from beechwood biomass hydrolysate and subsequently convert it to HMF by employing homogeneous catalysis.Results: The optimal saccharification conditions were identified at 10% wt. solids loading and 15 mg enzyme/gsolids, as determined from preliminary trials on pure cellulose (Avicel® PH-101). Furthermore, since high rate glucose isomerization to fructose requires the addition of sodium tetraborate, the optimum borate to glucose molar ratio was determined to 0.28 and was used in all experiments. Among 20 beechwood solid pulps obtained from different organosolv pretreatment conditions tested, the highest fructose production was obtained with acetone (160 °C, 120 min), reaching 56.8 g/100 g pretreated biomass. A scale-up hydrolysis in high solids (25% wt.) was then conducted. The hydrolysate was subjected to isomerization eventually leading to a high-fructose solution (104.5 g/L). Dehydration of fructose to HMF was tested with 5 different catalysts (HCl, H3PO4, formic acid, maleic acid and H-mordenite). Formic acid was found to be the best one displaying 79.9% sugars conversion with an HMF yield and selectivity of 44.6% and 55.8%, respectively.Conclusions: Overall, this work shows the feasibility of coupling bio- and chemo-catalytic processes to produce HMF from lignocellulose in an environmentally friendly manner. Further work for the deployment of biocatalysts for the oxidation of HMF to its derivatives could pave the way for the emergence of an integrated process to effectively produce biobased monomers from lignocellulose.
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| 6. |
- Kalogiannis, Konstantinos G., et al.
(författare)
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OxiOrganosolv : A novel acid free oxidative organosolv fractionation for lignocellulose fine sugar streams
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass towards the production of value-added products requires an efficient pretreatment/fractionation step. In this work we present a novel, acid-free, mildly oxidative organosolv delignification process -OxiOrganosolv- which employs oxygen gas to depolymerize and remove lignin. The results demonstrate that the OxiOrganosolv process achieved lignin removal as high as 97% in a single stage, with a variety of solvents; it was also efficient in delignifying both beechwood (hardwood) and pine (softwood), a task in which organosolv pretreatments have failed in the past. Minimal amounts of sugar degradation products were detected, while cellulose recovery was ~100% in the solid pulp. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pulps showed >80 wt% cellulose conversion to glucose. Overall, the OxiOrganosolv pretreatment has significant advantages, including high delignification efficiency of hardwood and softwood biomass, absence of acid homogeneous catalysis and all corresponding challenges involved, and close to zero losses of sugars to degradation products.
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| 7. |
- Karnaouri, Anthi, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient d-lactic acid production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus through conversion of organosolv pretreated lignocellulosic biomass
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lactic acid bioconversion processes have numerous advantages over the chemical synthesis route, not only due to the high-titer yield of the final product with great optical purity, but also due to the possibility of utilizing lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks as carbon source in an economic and environmentally friendly way. In the present study, beechwood and pine were pretreated with a novel mild oxidative organosolv process to produce cellulose-rich solid fractions, which were tested for their ability to support the growth and high lactic acid productivity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (ATCC® 11842). We employed a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) strategy in batch cultures with 9% w v−1 solids loading. The results for beechwood showed the highest production of 62 g L−1 lactic acid after 72 h of incubation, corresponding to a yield of 0.69 g g−1 of biomass (82.7% of the theoretical maximum yield) and a productivity of 0.86 g L−1 h−1. In the case of pine, the productivity was lower at 0.51 g L−1 h−1, leading to accumulation of 36.4 g L−1 lactic acid, corresponding to a yield of 0.40 g g−1 of biomass (41.4% of the theoretical maximum yield). Our study suggests that L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is an efficient lactic acid bacterial strain for the production of optically pure d-lactic acid from non-edible, organosolv pretreated hardwood and softwood biomass for the synthesis of bio-based plastics and other products.
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| 8. |
- Karnaouri, Anthi, et al.
(författare)
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Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass towards the production of omega-3 fatty acids by the heterotrophic marine microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Omega-3 fatty acids have become a commodity of high nutritional and commercial value; intensive fishing and its environmental and social cost has led researchers to seeking alternative more sustainable ways of producing them. Heterotrophic microalgae such as Crypthecodinium cohnii, a marine dinoflagellate, have the ability to utilize various substrates and accumulate high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work, a mild oxidative organosolv pretreatment of beechwood pulps was employed that allowed up to 95% of lignin removal in a single stage, thus yielding a cellulose-rich solid fraction. The enzymatic hydrolysates were evaluated for their ability to support the growth and lipid accumulation of C. cohnii in batch and fed-batch cultures; the results verified the successful microalgae growth, while DHA reached up to 43.5% of the cell’s total lipids. The proposed bioprocess demonstrated the utilization of non-edible biomass towards high added value food supplements in a sustainable and efficient manner.
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