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Lawyers in the Third World : comparative and developmental perspectives
- 1981
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The underlying reason for this book is a concern about the social impact of legal professions on "development" and "underdevelopment" and on the capacity of the mass of people in the countries studied (who are poor by any standards) to use law to better their social condition.Part of the book is a collection of empirical and historical studies of lawyers in various Third World countries. These studies offer data and insights of value to legal and other scholars of the countries and regions examined; material for historians of colonial societies; contributions to theories of professionalism and the sociology of occupational groups, evidence to support theories which link characteristics of legal professions with characteristics of the political economy within which they exist.An overview essay discusses different paradigms which have influenced thinking about development and the significance of lawyers in it, and different approaches which may affect the study and evaluation of legal professions. The country studies come next. The concluding chapters set out some generalizations about social factors which have influenced the history and character of Third World professions and the social impact of professions, notably on the rural poor. Generally, the case studies suggest that legal professions contribute to the kind of highly skewed distribution of wealth and power now characteristic of many Third World polities. A final chapter explores the implications of these findings for alternative approaches to development.
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| 3. |
- Paul, R J, et al.
(författare)
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Dissociation of phosphorylase a activation and contractile activity in rat portal vein
- 1984
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - 0001-6772. ; 121:1, s. 23-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isometric force, glycogen phosphorylase activity and lactate production were measured under conditions known to alter intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP to assess the role of these messengers in the coordination of metabolism with contractility in rat portal vein. Total phosphorylase (a + b) activity, was independent of treatment. The activity ratio phosphorylase activity ratio in the presence of isoproterenol and papaverine was dependent on or high-K+ medium, and 0.57 after 20 min treatment with 10(-5) M isoproterenol + 10(-4) M papaverine. Under both of these conditions the muscle was totally relaxed. The phosphorylase activity ratio in the presence of isoproterenol and papaverine was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, both in normal and depolarizing medium. This suggests a lower Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile than the phosphorylase system under these conditions, known to be associated with raised intracellular cAMP. During spontaneous activity and high-K+ induced contractures phosphorylase activity was increased compared to the relaxed state in Ca2+-free medium. A high level of phosphorylase activity (0.48) was elicited by the addition of 300 mM sucrose, which induces a contracture in Ca2+-free medium. Lactate production was in general parallel to phosphorylase activity, except for a relative increase in anoxia. The results suggest that in the intact cell the Ca2+-mediated linkage of contraction and phosphorylase may be modified by cAMP changing the Ca2+ sensitivities of the two systems in opposite directions.
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