| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
| 2. |
- Dargie, W., et al.
(author)
-
A topology control protocol based on eligibility and efficiency metrics
- 2011
-
In: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212. ; 84:1, s. 2-11
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The question of fairness in wireless sensor networks is not studied very well. It is not unusual to observe in the literature fairness traded for low latency or reliability. However, a disproportional use of some critical nodes as relaying nodes can cause premature network fragmentation. This paper investigates fairness in multi-hop wireless sensor networks and proposes a topology control protocol that enables nodes to exhaust their energy fairly. Moreover, it demonstrates that whereas the number of neighboring nodes with which a node should cooperate depends on the density of the network, increasing this number beyond a certain amount does not contribute to network connectivity.
|
|
| 3. |
- Kurras, M., et al.
(author)
-
From Single- to Multi-User Scheduling in LTE-A Uplink Exploiting Virtual MIMO
- 2012
-
In: 2012 CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE FORTY SIXTH ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS (ASILOMAR). - : IEEE conference proceedings. ; , s. 1172-1176
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper focuses on frequency and spatial domain scheduling in a frequency division duplex (FDD) Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A) system for the uplink direction. First we present a single-user (SU) channel-dependent scheduling (CDS) algorithm for continuous bandwidth allocation. There, we introduce a parameter to adjust the distribution of the user throughput without any loss in system performance. This is done as a preparation for the main contribution of this paper where we take advantage of the fact that a base station (BS) in LTE-A will be equipped with two ore more receive antennas by exploiting virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) through multi-user (MU) scheduling. We take the output of the SU-algorithm and group additional user in a second spatial layer to increase the system throughput. Note that our proposed MU algorithm requires a SU scheduler considering the continuous bandwidth constraint for assigned resources per user, because we do not change scheduling decisions made by the SU algorithm. The evaluation in this paper is done by extensive system level simulations in a third generation partnership project (3GPP) conform multi-cell scenario, assuming both SU and full MU interference. Numerical results show that our MU-algorithm improves the system throughput by 25-50 % compared to SU scheduling in uplink.
|
|
