| 1. |
- Carter, Paul, et al.
(författare)
-
Predicting the effect of statins on cancer risk using genetic variants from a Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank
- 2020
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory studies have suggested oncogenic roles of lipids, as well as anticarcinogenic effects of statins. Here we assess the potential effect of statin therapy on cancer risk using evidence from human genetics. We obtained associations of lipid-related genetic variants with the risk of overall and 22 site-specific cancers for 367,703 individuals in the UK Biobank. In total, 75,037 individuals had a cancer event. Variants in the HMGCR gene region, which represent proxies for statin treatment, were associated with overall cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] per one standard deviation decrease in low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.88, p=0.0003) but variants in gene regions representing alternative lipid-lowering treatment targets (PCSK9, LDLR, NPC1L1, APOC3, LPL) were not. Genetically predicted LDL-cholesterol was not associated with overall cancer risk (OR per standard deviation increase 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.05, p=0.50). Our results predict that statins reduce cancer risk but other lipidlowering treatments do not. This suggests that statins reduce cancer risk through a cholesterol independent pathway.
|
|
| 2. |
- Larsson, Susanna C., et al.
(författare)
-
Genetically proxied milk consumption and risk of colorectal, bladder, breast, and prostate cancer : a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1741-7015. ; 18:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Observational studies have shown that milk consumption is inversely associated with colorectal, bladder, and breast cancer risk, but positively associated with prostate cancer. However, whether the associations reflect causality remains debatable. We investigated the potential causal associations of milk consumption with the risk of colorectal, bladder, breast, and prostate cancer using a genetic variant near the LCT gene as proxy for milk consumption.METHODS: We obtained genetic association estimates for cancer from the UK Biobank (n = 367,643 women and men), FinnGen consortium (n = 135,638 women and men), Breast Cancer Association Consortium (n = 228,951 women), and Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome consortium (n = 140,254 men). Milk consumption was proxied by a genetic variant (rs4988235 or rs182549) upstream of the gene encoding lactase, which catalyzes the breakdown of lactose.RESULTS: Genetically proxied milk consumption was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. The odds ratio (OR) for each additional milk intake increasing allele was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-0.99; P = 0.009). There was no overall association of genetically predicted milk consumption with bladder (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.94-1.05; P = 0.836), breast (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02; P = 0.113), and prostate cancer (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.99-1.02; P = 0.389), but a positive association with prostate cancer was observed in the FinnGen consortium (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.13; P = 0.026).CONCLUSIONS: Our findings strengthen the evidence for a protective role of milk consumption on colorectal cancer risk. There was no or limited evidence that milk consumption affects the risk of bladder, breast, and prostate cancer.
|
|
| 3. |
- Larsson, Susanna C., et al.
(författare)
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1 and site-specific cancers : A Mendelian randomization study.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Cancer Medicine. - : Wiley. - 2045-7634. ; 9:18, s. 6836-6842
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in several processes relevant to carcinogenesis. We used 416 single-nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with serum IGF-1 levels to assess the potential causal associations between this hormone and site-specific cancers through Mendelian randomization. Summary-level genetic association estimates for prostate, breast, ovarian, and lung cancer were obtained from large-scale consortia including individuals of European-descent. Furthermore, we estimated genetic associations with 14 site-specific cancers in European-descent individuals in UK Biobank. Supplementary analyses were conducted for six site-specific cancers using summary-level data from the BioBank Japan Project. Genetically predicted serum IGF-1 levels were associated with colorectal cancer. The odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increase of IGF-1 levels was 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.22; P = .03) in UK Biobank and 1.22 (95% CI 1.09-1.36; P = 3.9 × 10-4 ) in the BioBank Japan Project. For prostate cancer, the corresponding OR was 1.10 (95% CI 1.01-1.21; P = .04) in UK Biobank, 1.03 (95% CI 0.97-1.09; P = .41) in the prostate cancer consortium, and 1.08 (95% CI 0.95-1.22; P = .24) in the BioBank Japan Project. For breast cancer, the corresponding OR was 0.99 (95% CI 0.92-1.07; P = .85) in UK Biobank and 1.08 (95% CI 1.02-1.13; P = 4.4 × 10-3 ) in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. There was no statistically significant association between genetically predicted IGF-1 levels and 14 other cancers. This study found some support for a causal association between elevated serum IGF-1 levels and increased risk of colorectal cancer. There was inconclusive or no evidence of a causal association of IGF-1 levels with prostate, breast, and other cancers.
|
|
| 4. |
- Larsson, Susanna C., et al.
(författare)
-
Smoking, alcohol consumption, and cancer : A mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank and international genetic consortia participants
- 2020
-
Ingår i: PLoS Medicine. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1549-1277 .- 1549-1676. ; 17:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundSmoking is a well-established cause of lung cancer and there is strong evidence that smoking also increases the risk of several other cancers. Alcohol consumption has been inconsistently associated with cancer risk in observational studies. This mendelian randomisation (MR) study sought to investigate associations in support of a causal relationship between smoking and alcohol consumption and 19 site-specific cancers.Methods and findingsWe used summary-level data for genetic variants associated with smoking initiation (ever smoked regularly) and alcohol consumption, and the corresponding associations with lung, breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer from genome-wide association studies consortia, including participants of European ancestry. We additionally estimated genetic associations with 19 site-specific cancers among 367,643 individuals of European descent in UK Biobank who were 37 to 73 years of age when recruited from 2006 to 2010. Associations were considered statistically significant at a Bonferroni corrected p-value below 0.0013. Genetic predisposition to smoking initiation was associated with statistically significant higher odds of lung cancer in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (odds ratio [OR] 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59–2.03; p = 2.26 × 10−21) and UK Biobank (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.92–2.65; p = 1.17 × 10−22). Additionally, genetic predisposition to smoking was associated with statistically significant higher odds of cancer of the oesophagus (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.34–2.49; p = 1.31 × 10−4), cervix (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.27–1.88; p = 1.24 × 10−5), and bladder (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.92–2.65; p = 9.40 × 10−5) and with statistically nonsignificant higher odds of head and neck (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.13–1.74; p = 0.002) and stomach cancer (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.05–2.03; p = 0.024). In contrast, there was an inverse association between genetic predisposition to smoking and prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome consortium (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.83–0.98; p = 0.011) and in UK Biobank (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.80–1.02; p = 0.104), but the associations did not reach statistical significance. We found no statistically significant association between genetically predicted alcohol consumption and overall cancer (n = 75,037 cases; OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.84–1.07; p = 0.376). Genetically predicted alcohol consumption was statistically significantly associated with lung cancer in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.41–2.68; p = 4.68 × 10−5) but not in UK Biobank (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.65–1.93; p = 0.686). There was no statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and any other site-specific cancer. The main limitation of this study is that precision was low in some analyses, particularly for analyses of alcohol consumption and site-specific cancers.ConclusionsOur findings support the well-established relationship between smoking and lung cancer and suggest that smoking may also be a risk factor for cancer of the head and neck, oesophagus, stomach, cervix, and bladder. We found no evidence supporting a relationship between alcohol consumption and overall or site-specific cancer risk.
|
|
| 5. |
- Yuan, Shuai, et al.
(författare)
-
Causal associations of thyroid function and dysfunction with overall, breast and thyroid cancer : A two-sample Mendelian randomization study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 147:7, s. 1895-1903
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether thyroid dysfunction plays a causal role in the development of cancer remains inconclusive. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to investigate the associations between genetic predisposition to thyroid dysfunction and 22 site-specific cancers. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with four traits of thyroid function were selected from a genome-wide association meta-analysis with up to 72,167 European-descent individuals. Summary-level data for breast cancer and 21 other cancers were extracted from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (122,977 breast cancer cases and 105,974 controls) and UK Biobank (367,643 individuals). For breast cancer, a meta-analysis was performed using data from both sources. Genetically predicted thyroid dysfunction was associated with breast cancer, with similar patterns of associations in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium and UK Biobank. The combined odds ratios of breast cancer were 0.94 (0.91-0.98; p = 0.007) per genetically predicted one standard deviation increase in TSH levels, 0.96 (0.91-1.00; p = 0.053) for genetic predisposition to hypothyroidism, 1.04 (1.01-1.07; p = 0.005) for genetic predisposition to hyperthyroidism and 1.07 (1.02-1.12; p = 0.003) per genetically predicted one standard deviation increase in free thyroxine levels. Genetically predicted TSH levels and hypothyroidism were inversely with thyroid cancer; the odds ratios were 0.47 (0.30-0.73; p = 0.001) and 0.70 (0.51-0.98; p = 0.038), respectively. Our study provides evidence of a causal association between thyroid dysfunction and breast cancer (mainly ER-positive tumors) risk. The role of TSH and hypothyroidism for thyroid cancer and the associations between thyroid dysfunction and other cancers need further exploration.
|
|
| 6. |
- Yuan, Shuai, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of tumour necrosis factor on cardiovascular disease and cancer : A two-sample Mendelian randomization study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: EBioMedicine. - : ELSEVIER. - 2352-3964. ; 59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases but given the role of TNF in tumour biology and atherosclerosis, such therapies may influence the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to explore whether TNF levels are causally related to cardiovascular disease and cancer.Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with TNF levels at genome-wide significance were identified from a genome-wide association study of 30 912 European-ancestry individuals. Three TNF-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with higher risk of autoimmune diseases were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for 14 cardiovascular diseases, overall cancer and 14 site-specific cancers were obtained from UK Biobank and consortia.Findings: Genetically-predicted TNF levels were positively associated with coronary artery disease (odds ratio (OR) 2.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50, 3.37) and ischaemic stroke (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.50, 3.43), and inversely associated with overall cancer (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.42, 0.69), breast cancer (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.39, 0.67), and colorectal cancer (OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.09, 0.45). There were suggestive associations of TNF with venous thromboembolism (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.32, 3.59), endometrial cancer (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.07, 0.94), and lung cancer (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.21, 0.94).Interpretation: This study found evidence of causal associations of increased TNF levels with higher risk of common cardiovascular diseases and lower risk of overall and certain cancers.
|
|
| 7. |
- Yuan, Shuai, et al.
(författare)
-
Iron Status and Cancer Risk in UK Biobank : A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 12:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to explore the associations of iron status with overall cancer and 22 site-specific cancers. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms for iron status were obtained from a genome-wide association study of 48,972 European-descent individuals. Summary-level data for breast and other cancers were obtained from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium and UK Biobank. Genetically predicted iron status was positively associated with liver cancer and inversely associated with brain cancer but not associated with overall cancer or the other 20 studied cancer sites at p < 0.05. The odds ratios of liver cancer were 2.45 (95% CI, 0.81, 7.45; p = 0.11), 2.11 (1.16, 3.83; p = 0.02), 10.89 (2.44, 48.59; p = 0.002) and 0.30 (0.17, 0.53; p = 2 × 10−5) for one standard deviation increment of serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin and transferrin levels, respectively. For brain cancer, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.69 (0.48, 1.00; p = 0.05), 0.75 (0.59, 0.97; p = 0.03), 0.41 (0.20, 0.88; p = 0.02) and 1.49 (1.04, 2.14; p = 0.03). Genetically high iron status was positively associated with liver cancer and inversely associated with brain cancer.
|
|
| 8. |
- Yuan, Shuai, et al.
(författare)
-
Is Type 2 Diabetes Causally Associated With Cancer Risk? : Evidence From a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Diabetes. - : AMER DIABETES ASSOC. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 69:7, s. 1588-1596
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to investigate the causal associations of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with risk of overall cancer and 22 site-specific cancers. Summary-level data for cancer were extracted from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium and UK Biobank. Genetic predisposition to T2DM was associated with higher odds of pancreatic, kidney, uterine, and cervical cancer and lower odds of esophageal cancer and melanoma but not associated with 16 other site-specific cancers or overall cancer. The odds ratios (ORs) were 1.13 (95% CI 1.04, 1.22), 1.08 (1.00, 1.17), 1.08 (1.01, 1.15), 1.07 (1.01, 1.15), 0.89 (0.81, 0.98), and 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) for pancreatic, kidney, uterine, cervical, and esophageal cancer and melanoma, respectively. The association between T2DM and pancreatic cancer was also observed in a meta-analysis of this and a previous Mendelian randomization study (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02, 1.14;P= 0.009). There was limited evidence supporting causal associations between fasting glucose and cancer. Genetically predicted fasting insulin levels were positively associated with cancers of the uterus, kidney, pancreas, and lung. The current study found causal detrimental effects of T2DM on several cancers. We suggest reinforcing the cancer screening in T2DM patients to enable the early detection of cancer.
|
|
