| 1. |
- Horne, Merle, et al.
(författare)
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Timing restrictions on prosodic phrasing
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nordic Prosody IX. ; , s. 117-126
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prosodic evidence for the existence of isochronal 2-2.5 sec speech production units is presented. Factors such as F0-declination patterns defined over these 2-2.5 sec. units, as well as boundary tones at the edges of these assumed planning units give support to the idea that prosodic structure serves as an important planning framework for an utterance. The findings provide support for the assumption of a ’Prosodic Planning Hypothesis’ such as that proposed by Shattuck-Hufnagel and Turk (1996) and Shattuck-Hufnagel (2000: 222), who assume that an utterance-specific frame ‘‘independent of its contents plays a role in production processing, and prosodic structure is a natural candidate for this structural frame’’. Similar ideas have also been presented by Wheeldon and Lahiri (1997: 377) who claim that ‘‘articulation is preceded by the generation of an abstract prosodic representation of an utterance’’. Breathing is assumed to play an important role in delimitation of the production units: Inspirations only occur at edges and can thus function as anchors for the grouping of speech into 2-2.5 sec speech chunks. Local prosodic information (pauses, boundary tones (H%/L%) and the timing restriction, can be used to make a further segmentation of spontaneous speech into 2-2.5 sec production units. The existence of such a timing restriction on speech planning can be used in the design of algorithms for the automatic segmentation of speech.
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| 2. |
- Blomberg, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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The role of affective meaning, semantic associates, and orthographic neighbours in modulating the N400 in single words
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Mental Lexicon. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1871-1340 .- 1871-1375. ; 15:2, s. 161-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The N400 has been seen to be larger for concrete than abstract words, and for pseudowords than real words. Using a word vector analysis to calculate semantic associates (SA), as well as ratings for emotional arousal (EA), and a measure of orthographic neighbourhood (ON), the present study investigated the relation between these factors and N400 amplitudes during a lexical decision task using Swedish word stimuli. Four noun categories differing in concreteness: specific (squirrel), GENERAL (animal) emotional (happiness) and abstract (tendency) were compared with pseudowords (danalod). Results showed that N400 amplitudes increased in the order emotional < abstract < GENERAL < specific < PSEUDOWORD. A regression analysis showed that the amplitude of the N400 decreased the more semantic associates a word had and the higher the rating for emotional arousal it had. The N400 also increased the more orthographic neighbours a word had. Results provide support for the hierarchical organisation of concrete words assumed in lexical semantics. They also demonstrate how affective information facilitates meaning processing.
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| 3. |
- Horne, Merle, et al.
(författare)
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The filler EH in Swedish
- 2006
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Ingår i: Working Papers. - 0280-526X. ; 52, s. 65-68
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Findings from a pilot study on the distribution, function and phonetic realization of the filler EH in interviews from SweDia2000 interviews are presented. The results show that EH occurs almost exclusively after function words at the beginning of constituents. The phonetic realization of EH was seen to be of three basic forms: a middle-high vowel (e.g. [e], [ɛ], [ə]), a vowel+nasal (e.g. [ɛm], [əm], [ən]), and a vowel with a creaky phonation. The vowel+vowel realization occurs as has been shown for English before other delays and is associated with planning of complex utterances. Since creaky phonation is associated with terminality, the creaky voice realization of EH could be interpreted as signalling the juncture between the filler and an upcoming disfluency.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, Victoria, et al.
(författare)
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Språk och hjärna
- 2013. - 1
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Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144083391 ; , s. 225-241
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Horne, Merle, et al.
(författare)
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Question intonation in Southern Swedish
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Fonetik 2021 : Lund, June 8–9, 2021 - Lund, June 8–9, 2021. - 0280-526X. ; 56, s. 54-57
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Swedish has been generally assumed not to have any well-defined question intonation. However, with respect to Southern Swedish, Lindblad & Gårding (1973) present data showing final rises in polar (Y/N) questions. Gårding (1979) also assumes a broader and higher F0 range in Y/N questions than in statements, particularly on the final focussed word. The present study investigates the extent to which these question cues occur in a material involving spontaneous dialogues led by a speaker of Southern Swedish (Malmö). Results for utterances with question syntax show final rises in 16% of the Y/N questions and 3% of the Wh-questions. For utterances without question syntax, 79% were associated with final rises. Comparing F0 on the first prosodic word of questions, both Y/N-and Wh-questions showed a significantly higher F0 level (ca. 2-3 ST higher) than statements. A further comparison of the F0 level on the most prominent word following the first prosodic word in questions and statements showed that Y/N questions had a higher F0 on the most prominent word than statements. However, Wh-questions did not differ significantly from statements in that respect. Thus initial F0-level appears to be a strong prosodic cue distinguishing between questions (both Y/N questions and Wh-questions) and statements in the Southern Swedish material examined. F0 level on the most prominent word following the first prosodic word is also a reliable prosodic cue distinguishing Y/N questions from statements and Wh-questions, but not for distinguishing between Y/N questions and Wh-questions.
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| 6. |
- Söderström, Pelle, et al.
(författare)
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Lexical frequency effects on word accent processing in Swedish
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lexical frequency effects on word accent processing in SwedishSeveral studies have investigated the neurophysiological underpinnings of the Swedish word accents, “accent 1” and “accent 2” ([1]-[5]), which are known to have a strong association with morphology ([6]-[8]). For example, if the singular noun suffix -en is attached to the word stem bil (‘car’), the resulting word is bil1-en (‘the car’) where the subscript indicates which word accent is attached. However, if the plural suffix -ar is attached to the stem, the word will be associated with accent 2 (bil2-ar, ‘cars’). The same is true for loan words: the word chatt ‘chat room’ takes accent 1 together with the singular suffix (chatt1-en) and accent 2 with the plural suffix (chatt2-ar). Furthermore, in Central Swedish, accent 2 is associated with compound words. Compounding is highly productive in Swedish, allowing the formation of novel compounds such as trädkrig2 (‘tree war’) or forskningsministerskola2 (‘research minister school’). Even if all constituents making up a compound would individually be accent 1 words, the compound will still have accent 2. For example, although neder1 ‘downwards’ and länderna1 ‘the lands’ are accent 1 words, the compound Nederländerna2 (‘the Netherlands’, example taken from [12]) has accent 2. What is interesting from the point of view of predictive models of language processing is that initial word stems with accent 2 (as opposed to stems with accent 1) could then potentially cue related accent 2 suffixes (e.g. plural, past tense) as well as a potentially infinite number of compounds. Investigations using the electroencephalography/event-related potentials (EEG/ERP) technique have found that words with accent 1 stems elicit larger ERP negativity effects as compared to accent 2 stems. This effect has previously been viewed as a positivity effect driven by accent 2’s prosodic salience ([1]). However, recent investigations have shown that accent 1 stems lead to increased neural activity, meaning that the ERP effect is more likely to be driven by some feature associated with accent 1 stems instead ([4]-[5]). We propose that the accent 1 stem negativity reflects a process by which upcoming suffixes are pre-activated by the word accent. Furthermore, evidence ([3]-[4]) now indicates that accent 1 stems pre-activate their associated suffixes more strongly than accent 2 stems. In the present contribution, we present results that suggest that the stem negativity is modulated by both the token and type frequency of lexical items that are possible continuations of a particular stem.ReferencesM. Roll, M. Horne and M. Lindgren, “Word accents and morphology—ERPs of Swedish word processing,” Brain Research, vol. 1330, pp. 114–123, 2010.M. Roll, P. Söderström and M. Horne, “Word-stem tones cue suffixes in the brain.” Brain Research, vol. 1520, pp. 116–120, 2013. P. Söderström, M. Horne and M. Roll, “Stem tones pre-activate suffixes in the brain,” (submitted).M. Roll, P. Söderström, P. Mannfolk, Y. Shtyrov, M. Johansson, D. van Westen and M. Horne, “Word tones cueing morphosyntactic structure: neuroanatomical substrates and activation time course assessed by EEG and fMRI,” Brain & Language, vol. 150, pp. 14–21, 2015.M. Roll, “A neurolinguistic study of South Swedish word accents: Electrical brain potentials in nouns and verbs,” Nordic Journal of Linguistics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 149–162, 2015.G. Bruce, Swedish word accents in sentence perspective. Lund: Gleerup, 1977.T. Riad, The Phonology of Swedish. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.J. Rischel, “Morphemic Tone and Word Tone in Eastern Norwegian,” Phonetica, vol. 10, no. 3–4, pp. 154–164, 1963.
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| 7. |
- Ayers, Gayle, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling intonation in dialogue
- 1995
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. - 9171708367 ; 2, s. 278-281
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Blomberg, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional arousal and lexical specificity modulate response times differently depending on ear of presentation in a dichotic listening task
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Mental Lexicon. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1871-1340 .- 1871-1375. ; 10:2, s. 221-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated possible hemispheric differences in the processing of four different lexical semantic categories: SPECIFIC (e.g. bird), GENERAL (e.g. animal), ABSTRACT (e.g. advice), and EMOTIONAL (e.g. love). These wordtypes were compared using a dichotic listening paradigm and a semantic category classification task. Response times (RTs) were measured when participants classified testwords as concrete or abstract. In line with previous findings, words were expected to be processed faster following right-ear presentation. However, lexical specificity and emotional arousal were predicted to modulate response times differently depending on the ear of presentation. For left-ear presentation, relatively faster RTs were predicted for SPECIFIC and EMOTIONAL words as opposed to GENERAL and ABSTRACT words. An interaction of ear and wordtype was found. For right-ear presentation, RTs increased as testwords’ imageability decreased along the span SPECIFIC–GENERAL–EMOTIONAL–ABSTRACT. In contrast, for left ear presentation, EMOTIONAL words were processed fastest, while SPECIFIC words gave rise to long RTs on par with those for ABSTRACT words. Thus, the prediction for EMOTIONAL words presented in the left ear was borne out, whereas the prediction for SPECIFIC words was not. This might be related to previously found differences in processing of stimuli at a global or local level.
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| 9. |
- Blomberg, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Lexical specificity, imageability and emotional arousal modulate the N400 and the N700
- 2016
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Ingår i: 8th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neurobiology of Language. SNL 2016. ; , s. 207-207
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The event-related potential (ERP) componentN400 as well as a later effect, often labeled ‘N700’ haverepeatedly been shown to increase for concrete as compared to abstract words (Barber, Otten, Kousta, & Vigliocco, 2013; Gullick, Mitra, & Coch, 2013; Kounios & Holcomb, 1994; Nittono, Suehiro, & Hori, 2002; West & Holcomb, 2000). In addition, pseudowords elicit greater N400s than real words (Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel, 2008). Previous interpretations of the N400 as indexing contextual integration or alternatively, activation of semantic features in long-term memory, do notfully explain the combination of these differences. The present study compared ERPs in the N400 and N700 time-windows for PSEUDOWORDS (e.g. ‘danalod’) and four noun categories differing in specificity and imageability: (SPECIFIC, e.g. ‘squirrel’, GENERAL, e.g. ‘animal’, EMOTIONAL, e.g. ‘happiness’ and ABSTRACT, e.g. ‘tendency’).Methods: EEGwas recorded from 32 scalp electrodes and response times were measured while 35 healthy, right-handed native Swedish speakers (age 20-37) performed an imageability rating (IR) task and a lexical decision (LD) task. The stimuli were 160 written nouns, 40 each of the above-mentioned semantic categories, and 160 phonologically legal pseudowords. Statistical comparisons of ERPs in the N400 (300-500 ms post-stimulus onset) and N700 (500-800 ms post-stimulus onset) time-windows were carried out using within-subjects ANOVAs.Results: In the LD task, N400 amplitudes increasedin the order EMOTIONAL < ABSTRACT < GENERAL < SPECIFIC < PSEUDOWORD. A largely similar pattern wasfound in the IR task as well as in the N700 time-window ofboth tasks. N400 and N700 effects were found for SPECIFIC-GENERAL test words also when they were matched for imageability, indicating that something other than imageabilityper se was driving the effects.Conclusion: The pattern of ERPamplitudes seen in the present study could be explained by a model which assumes that words with larger numbers of associated words in the mental lexicon yield smaller N400s, for example abstract as compared to concrete words and real words as compared to pseudowords. The fact that N400 andN700 effects were found for SPECIFIC-GENERAL test wordseven when they were matched for imageability indicates that other factors, possibly related to hierarchical semantic relationsbetween concrete noun categories, drive the effect. In line withthe suggested model, this might be explained by superordinate GENERAL nouns having a larger number of lexical associates than SPECIFIC nouns.References:Barber, H. A., Otten, L. J., Kousta, S.-T., & Vigliocco, G. (2013). Brain and Language, 125(1), 47–53.Gullick, M. M., Mitra, P., & Coch, D. (2013). Psychophysiology, 50(5), 431–440.Kounios, J., & Holcomb, P. J. (1994). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 804–823.Lau, E. F., Phillips, C., & Poeppel, D. (2008). Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 920–933.Nittono, H., Suehiro, M., & Hori, T. (2002). International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1–11.West, W. C., & Holcomb, P. J. (2000). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 1024–1037.
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