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- Al Fakir, Ida, 1978-
(författare)
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Spotlighted or Hidden in Plain Sight : Consequences of the Post-War Ban on Ethnic Registration in Sweden
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: Historical Explorations of Modern Epidemiology. - Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783031206702 - 9783031206719 ; , s. 113-133
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 1945 census was the last to record ethnicity in Sweden, and in 1973, registering ethnicity became virtually illegal. Swedish population statistics and official health and social registers therefore do not contain information on the ethnic background of the people registered. Exploring socio-medical and epidemiological research in Sweden from the 1940s to the 1980s, the chapter discusses the tension between ethical and legal constraints on the one hand, and the scientific, administrative, and political need for accurate information on minority and ethnic groups on the other. Three alternative research strategies to substitute for the lack of data on ethnicity are identified: using alternative but related categories such as nationality, country of birth, or immigrant status; “reading ethnicity” from pre-existing data collections; and conducting time-consuming and costly special studies designed to enable researchers to bypass the proscription of ethnic registration. These strategies have produced new epidemiological and socio-medical understandings concerning ethnicity and health/disease. However, as certain groups and categories have been statistically more available or visible in society than others, an uneven body of knowledge has evolved. In effect, some minorities have been spotlighted while others have remained hidden in plain sight.
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| 2. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael
(författare)
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Konditionsträning för lagbollsidrottare
- 2012
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Ingår i: Idrott & kunskap. - 1652-6961. ; :1, s. 46-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vilka konditionstestvärden har elitspelare i fotboll, ishockey och basket? Och hur tränar man effektivast sinkondition om man är bollidrottare? Mikael Mattson, doktor i fysiologi vid GIH, reder ut begreppen.
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| 3. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael
(författare)
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Requirements for Soldiers’ Endurance Capacity in Prolonged Continuous Work
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physiological factors that influence soldier’s ability to sustain performance level in prolonged continuous work are such as A) initial physical level; B) ability to carry; and C) ability to sustain performance level over prolonged periods of time.A) General fitness level is obviously crucial, such as strength and aerobic capacity, but so is also being completely healthy when the effort initiates. We have presented an immunological profile that might be useful to determine which soldiers that will underperform. Before a 6-day military training course expression of CD3 on CD8+ lymphocytes and percent CD8+CD3 lymphocytes was lower, whereas CD4/CD8 ratio was higher among soldiers who failed compared to those who completed the training (Ekblom et al. 2011).B) It is well know that energy expenditure increases with increased carried weight, but at heavier loads (>30 kg) we found a disproportionate increase. Our hypothesis is that this is due to inaccurate technique, caused by insufficient strength relative to the carried weight, which may lead to unusual tiredness. In our preliminary results all soldiers had a point, carried weight, above which the work economy decreased. Therefore, it would be relevant to determine each soldier’s maximum optimal weight to carry.C) Fatigue and performance in ultra-endurance exercise, such as military efforts, is determined by (in part) other factors compared to traditional endurance sports. One of the most important aspects is energy balance. The total energy expenditure for a 24-h Adventure Race can be as high as 18-20 000 kcal (Enqvist et al. 2010). One reason for fatigue is the substantial energy deficit. Partly because that the profile of amino acids in blood and muscle change (Borgenvik et al. 2012), muscle damage (Wichardt et al. 2011), hormonal changes (Berg et al 2008), and immunological responses (Wallberg et al. 2011, Marklund et al. 2013). This combined indicates that specific supplementations may be needed. We have recently examined the energy balance in military situations. Two situations were 100 h, 78 km by foot in summer alpine terrain (6200 kcal/24h), and 187 h of mixed military tasks (5600 kcal/24h). Even though the allotment of rations was sufficient to cover the energy expenditure the actual intake was substantially lower, energy deficit being approximately 50 % and 33 %, respectively. However, we see large individual differences. If possible, energy availability should be individualized so that heavier soldiers and those with heavier tasks have opportunities to get higher energy supply compared to soldiers with lighter tasks and lower weight.
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| 4. |
- Norman, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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"Everyone can take photos." Feasibility and relative validity of phone photography-based assessment of children's diets - a mixed methods study.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nutrition Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2891. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Dietary assessment methods that are user-friendly, simple, yet valid are of interest to both researchers and participants, particularly for use in disadvantaged settings, where language barriers and low levels of education are often present. We tested if parents taking photos of what children ate, using mobile phones, would be a feasible, acceptable method that could still provide information with adequate relative validity.METHODS: We used a mixed-methods design, with parents of 21 5- to 7-year-olds from disadvantaged areas in Sweden. Parents reported all dietary intake, during non-school hours, on three days (two weekdays) using a photo method (PM). The PM consisted of simple instructions and a fiduciary card, but no training, equipment or software. Text messages could be sent if necessary. As a reference method, parents completed three 24-h recalls (24HRs) with an interviewer each following day. The next week, parents completed a 9-item semi-FFQ regarding the preceding week. The outcomes were intakes (in dl) of 9 food groups, categorised as fruits and vegetables, energy-dense sweet/salty foods, and sweet drinks. Agreement with the reference 24HRs was assessed using correlations, median differences and Bland-Altman plots. Parents completed an open-ended questionnaire on barriers and facilitators. Data collectors provided complementary information. Qualitative data was analysed using qualitative manifest analysis.RESULTS: Nineteen parents (90%) provided complete data. The majority (n = 13) spoke Swedish as a second language, few (n = 4) were proficient. Compared to 24HRs, intakes measured by PM correlated well for all categories (Spearman's rho = 0.609-0.845). However, intakes were underreported, significantly so for fruits and vegetables; Bland-Altman plots indicated that the underestimation was fairly constant across intake levels. When the FFQ was compared to the 24HRs, parameters of agreement were generally inferior than for the PM. Parents found the PM a positive experience, primarily facilitated by its simplicity and familiarity. Barriers, mainly related to time and logistics, can inform further methodological refinements.CONCLUSIONS: The PM was an acceptable and feasible way to measure children's diet outside of school hours in this population of parents from disadvantaged areas. While the absolute validity should be evaluated further, this relatively simple method has potential for assessing intakes of well-defined foods at group level.
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| 6. |
- Åman, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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National injury prevention measures in team sports should focus on knee, head, and severe upper limb injuries.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. - : Springer. - 0942-2056 .- 1433-7347. ; 27:3, s. 1000-1008
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To examine acute injuries in licensed floorball, football, handball, and ice hockey players in all ages nationwide in Sweden, and to identify the most common and severe injuries in each body location and recommend injury prevention measures.METHODS: Using national sport insurance data from years 2006-2015 was the incidence and proportion of acute injuries, and injuries leading to permanent medical impairment (PMI), calculated in the four team sports. The most common injury type and injured body part was identified, with a particular focus of the severe injuries. Comparison between sexes was made.RESULTS: In total, there were 92,162 registered injuries in all sports together. Knee injuries were most common, and also had the highest incidence of PMI, in all ball sports and in female ice hockey players. In male ice hockey, the most common injury was a dental and face injury, and PMI injuries were mostly in the shoulder. The most severe PMI injuries were rare and most often a face/eye injury in male floorball and ice hockey, a concussion in female ice hockey, and a knee injury in female floorball, and in both sexes in football and handball.CONCLUSIONS: To achieve the greatest impact in reducing the adverse effects of acute sport injuries nationwide in Sweden, preventive measures should focus on knee injuries in all the investigated team sports. The severe head/face and upper limb injuries also need attention. Protective equipment, neuromuscular training programs, rules enforcements, and fair-play interventions may reduce the incidence of injuries.
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| 7. |
- Berglind, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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An eHealth program versus a standard care supervised health program and associated health outcomes in individuals with mobility disability : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Trials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-6215. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Young adults with mobility disability (MD) are less likely to engage in regular physical activity (PA) compared with their able-bodied peers and inactive adults with a MD are more likely to report one or more chronic diseases compared to those who are physically active. Despite the vast amount of research published in the field of PA interventions over the past decades, little attention has been focused on interventions aiming to increase PA among individuals with MD. Thus, we propose to compare the effects of an eHealth program compared to a usual care supervised health program on levels of PA and other health behaviors.METHODS: The current intervention will use a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with two treatment groups (an eHealth program and a usual care supervised health program) in young adults with newly acquired MD. In total, 110 young adults (aged 18-40 years) with a MD, acquired within the past 3 years, will be recruited to participate in a 12-week intervention. The primary study outcome is accelerometer-measured time spent in moderate to vigorous PA. Secondary outcomes includes health-related quality of life, depression, stress, fitness, body composition, diet, musculoskeletal pain, motivation to exercise and work ability.DISCUSSION: There is a lack of RCTs investigating effective ways to increase levels of PA in young adults with MD. Increased levels of PA among this physically inactive population have the potential to substantially improve health-related outcomes, possibly more so than in the general population. The trial will put strong emphasis on optimizing exercise adherence and investigating feasibility in the two treatment programs. The Ethical Review Board (EPN) at Karolinska Institutet has approved the study (2017/1206-31/1).TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN), reference number ISRCTN22387524 . Prospectively registered February 4, 2018.
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| 10. |
- Ekblom, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity for cognitive health across the lifespan: when, what and how?
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Physical activity for cognitive health across the lifespan: when, what and how?Physical activity appears crucial to wellbeing, and is commonly linked to our physical health. Increasingly however, physical activity is acknowledged to also play a crucial role for mental, cognitive, and brain health throughout the lifespan. Speakers in this session will address the role of physical activity across three broad life stages, childhood, adulthood and older age. The session will present the evidence around physical activity for cognitive and brain health, and considerations for what and how physical activity can be delivered for optimal outcomes at different life stages.Physical activity may benefit mental, cognitive, and brain health through several mechanisms. Reducing potential harm through chronic disease reduction, transiently improving mood via alterations at the cellular and molecular levels, providing a means for skill development and social interaction, and bathing the brain in a rich neurotropic environment are the main means through which cognitive benefits from physical activity are proposed.The impact of physical activity on cognitive and brain function can be also considered from both an acute and chronic perspective. Beneficial chronic adaptations may come from the repeated exposure to positive acute physical activity responses, but how should physical activity be dosed for these important long-term benefits? This session will provide the latest updates in the area and suggest future directions for the field to emerge.Speaker 1Title: Physical activity effects on cognitive and brain health in school age children Speaker Last Name: HillmanSpeaker First Name: CharlesSex: MaleAcademic title: ProfessorUniversity: Northeastern UniversityDepartment: Psychology; Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation SciencesCountry: USAEmail: c.hillman@northeastern.eduPhysical activity (PA) can improve physical, mental, cognitive, and brain health throughout the lifespan. During childhood, the benefits of PA for cognitive and brain health have been increasingly studied, with evidence indicating enhanced executive function and improved academic performance, along with adaptations to underlying brain structure and function in specific regions and networks that support these aspects of cognition. Such findings are especially relevant given that there is a growing public health burden of unhealthy behaviors (e.g., physical inactivity, excessive energy intake) among children of industrialized nations. In recent years, children have become increasingly inactive, leading to concomitant increases in the prevalence of being overweight and unfit. Poor PA behaviors during childhood often track throughout life and have implications for the prevalence of several chronic diseases during adulthood. Particularly troubling is the absence of public health concern for the effect of physical inactivity on cognitive and brain health. It is curious that this has not emerged as a larger societal issue, given its clear relation to childhood obesity and other health disorders that have captured public attention. Relative to cognitive and brain health, the literature has predominantly focused on preadolescent children, with a comparatively smaller body of evidence in preschool age and adolescent children. Such a contrast is even more striking relative to the use of neuroimaging tools to assess PA on brain health. To date, the vast majority of neuroimaging studies have investigated preadolescent children, using electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and found that PA and aerobic fitness benefit neural structures and networks that support executive function and memory, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Such findings have been linked to cognitive outcomes including aspects of executive function such as inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility as well as other cognitive outcomes including relational memory and academic achievement.Despite evidence that PA promotes cognitive and brain health during development, a growing number of schools have minimized PA opportunities across the school day. Accordingly, this generation of children have become increasingly inactive, contributing to public health and educational concerns. By dedicating time to active play, sports, physical education, and other forms of PA, children are best-positioned to thrive in both the physical and cognitive domains. Such discoveries are timely and important for public health concerns related to chronic disease prevention as a function of childhood inactivity and obesity. These findings link pervasive societal concerns with brain health and cognition, and have implications for the educational environment and the context of learning.Speaker 2Title: Building a cognitive reserve during adulthood: what is the prescription? Speaker Last Name: RattraySpeaker First Name: BenSex: MaleAcademic title: ProfessorUniversity: University of CanberraDepartment: Sport and Exercise ScienceCountry: AustraliaEmail: ben.rattray@canberra.edu.au During adulthood, healthy individuals typically report few cognitive complaints. As a result, the role of physical activity in cognitive health either receives little attention or finds very few relationships. This is likely also a result of the cognitive engagement many adults have through education, vocational, and social settings. There are however observations that physical activity during adulthood does impact later life. Physical activity for cognitive health during early and middle adulthood therefore focuses on general health, reducing the potential harm to brain structures and processes that are associated with several lifestyle-related diseases.Outside of reducing harm through physical health, physical activity may play a crucial role in building a cognitive reserve, potentially improving cognitive performance, but importantly protecting against later-life declines. Taking advantage of physical activity benefits, such as increases in cerebral blood flow and neurotrophic factors, offers an opportunity to maximise neural plasticity. In this session optimising the dose characteristics of physical activity will be discussed.Interventions that specifically attempt to take advantage of plasticity-supporting physical activity are those that ensure cognitive activity is in close temporal proximity. Sequentially- or concurrently-programming physical exercise with a cognitive intervention are gaining popularity, with most evidence currently in older adults. This session will provide an update on the latest evidence for concurrent training in healthy adulthood.It is hypothesized that an increased availability of factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor during targeted cognitive interventions improve the gains that such training can provide. However, depending on the outcome, some propose that concurrent activity may also work through the combination of effortful behaviours impacting individuals’ capacity, or tolerance for work. This fatigue-linked pathway may also impact cognitive health when engaged over longer periods, or when individuals are asked to report subjective cognitive complaints. These potential pathways will also be discussed in terms of informing the when, what, and how of physical activity interventions for cognitive health.Speaker 3Title: How physical activity affects cognitive health in older adultsSpeaker Last Name: EkblomSpeaker First Name: MariaSex: FemaleAcademic title: ProfessorUniversity: Swedish School of Sport and Health SciencesDepartment: Physical Activity and HealthCountry: SwedenEmail: maria.ekblom@gih.se There is consistent evidence to suggest that being more fit in young adulthood is associated to having better cognitive function in both young and older adulthood. We also know that being aerobically high fit is associated with having executive abilities that make it easier to attain and sustain healthy habits. While such information may be interesting, it tells us very little on whether physical activity promotion among low fit inactive individuals might have a positive influence on their future cognitive health. In midlife, lack of time is a commonly perceived barrier towards physical activity. Still, as we retire, individuals who were inactive in midlife tend to stay inactive after retiring, despite now having more spare time at hand. When preaching that it is never too late, we need to take care not to shame those whose shoes we have not walked in. Remember, that although we have all equal human value, we have different opportunities, both genetically and in terms of socioeconomic circumstances. When we compare the brain health of senior athletes to that of their less active peers, this is not helping anyone. That is why I prefer randomized controlled trials for the purpose of figuring out what type of exercise might work for whom. The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability evaluated whether a 2-year multicomponent intervention with exercise, cognitive training, diet and vascular risk monitoring could slow down the cognitive decline in an at-risk population. They show that such intervention actually can have small effects on the trajectories of cognitive decline, but we are still not close to understanding what the active component is. Large scale exercise RCTs using advanced neuroimaging to investigate neurophysiological mechanisms are under way, but these are very expensive. Major breakthroughs in plasma biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease progression have been exposed recently. Such new techniques should be exploited in future RCTs by researchers who want to investigate if support to increased physical activity can really change the cognitive trajectories of physically inactive individuals who want to spare their brain health. This presentation will explore our current understanding of how and phy
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