| 1. |
- Sandberg, David, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of sleepiness on lane positioning in truck driving
- 2013. - 1
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Ingår i: Driver Distraction and Inattention. - Farnham : Ashgate. - 9781409425854 - 9781315578156 ; , s. 405-416, s. 405-416
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter concerns the detection of sleepiness in truck drivers. Data obtained from a driver sleepiness study involving real-world driving are used in order to analyse the performance of several sleepiness indicators based on driving behavior; such as, for example, variability in lateral position and heading angle. Contrary to the results obtained for passenger cars, for heavy trucks it is found that indicators based on variability provide little or no information; their performance does not rise significantly above chance levels.However, the data indicate that there is a significant difference in the average lane position for sleepy and alert drivers, respectively, such that a sleepy driver generally places the vehicle closer (by about 0.2 m) to the centre of the road than an alert driver. The analysis also shows a significant, monotonous, increase in average lateral position (measured from the right, outer, lane boundary towards the lane centre) between the four cases of (i) daytime alert driving, (ii) daytime sleepy driving, (iii) night-time alert driving and (iv) nighttime sleepy driving.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Are professional drivers less sleepy than non-professional drivers?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 44:1, s. 88-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective It is generally believed that professional drivers can manage quite severe fatigue before routine driving performance is affected. In addition, there are results indicating that professional drivers can adapt to prolonged night shifts and may be able to learn to drive without decreased performance under high levels of sleepiness. However, very little research has been conducted to compare professionals and non-professionals when controlling for time driven and time of day.Method The aim of this study was to use a driving simulator to investigate whether professional drivers are more resistant to sleep deprivation than non-professional drivers. Differences in the development of sleepiness (self-reported, physiological and behavioral) during driving was investigated in 11 young professional and 15 non-professional drivers.Results Professional drivers self-reported significantly lower sleepiness while driving a simulator than nonprofessional drivers. In contradiction, they showed longer blink durations and more line crossings, both of which are indicators of sleepiness. They also drove faster. The reason for the discrepancy in the relation between the different sleepiness indicators for the two groups could be due to more experience to sleepiness among the professional drivers or possibly to the faster speed, which might unconsciously have been used by the professionals to try to counteract sleepiness.Conclusion Professional drivers self-reported significantly lower sleepiness while driving a simulator than non-professional drivers. However, they showed longer blink durations and more line crossings, both of which are indicators of sleepiness, and they drove faster.
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| 3. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Video-based observer rated sleepiness versus self-reported subjective sleepiness in real road driving
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 7:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observer-rated sleepiness (ORS) based on video recordings of the driver’s face is often used when analysing naturalistic driving data. The aim of this study is to investigate if ORS ratings agree with subjective self-reported sleepiness (SRS).Forty raters assessed 54 video-clips showing drivers with varying levels of sleepiness. The video-clips were recorded during a field experiment focusing on driver sleepiness using the same cameras that are typically used in large-scale field studies. The weak results prompted a second test. Ten human factors researchers made pairwise comparisons of videos showing the same four participants in an alert versus a very sleepy condition. The task was simply to select the video-clip where the driver was sleepy.The overall average percentage of video segments where ORS and SRS matched was 41 % in Test 1. ORS 0 (alert) and ORS 2 (very sleepy) were easier to score than ORS 1 and it was slightly harder to rate night-time drives. Inter-rater agreement was low, with average Pearson’s r correlations of 0.19 and Krippendorff’s alpha of 0.15. In Test 2, the average Pearson’s r correlations was 0.35 and Krippendorff’s alpha was 0.62. The correspondence between ORS and SRS showed an agreement of 35 %.The results indicate that ORS ratings based on real road video recordings correspond poorly with SRS and have low inter-rater agreement. Further research is necessary in order to further evaluate the usefulness of ORS as a measure of sleepiness.
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| 4. |
- Polukarova, Maria, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Organic pollutants, nano- and microparticles in street sweeping road dust and washwater
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road areas are pollution hotspots where many metals, organic pollutants (OPs) and nano/microparticles accumulate before being transported to receiving waters. Particles on roads originate from e.g. road, tyre and vehicle wear, winter road maintenance, soil erosion, and deposition. Street sweeping has the potential to be an effective and affordable practice to reduce the occurrence of road dust, and thereby the subsequent spreading of pollutants, but there is currently little knowledge regarding its effectiveness. In this paper we investigate the potential of street sweeping to reduce the amounts of OPs and nano/microparticles reaching stormwater, in a case study sampling road dust and washwater from a street sweeping machine, road dust before and after sweeping, and stormwater. The compound groups generally found in the highest concentrations in all matrices were aliphatics C5–C35 > phthalates > aromatics C8–C35 > PAH-16. The concentrations of aliphatics C16–C35 and PAHs in washwater were extremely high at ≤ 53,000 µg/L and ≤ 120 µg/L, respectively, and the highest concentrations were found after a 3-month winter break in sweeping. In general, fewer aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons and PAHs were detected in road dust samples than in washwater. The relative composition of the specific PAH-16 suggests tyre wear, vehicle exhausts, brake linings, motor oils and road surface wear as possible sources. The study indicates that many of the hydrophobic compounds quantified in washwater are attached to small particles or truly dissolved. The washwater contains a wide range of small particles, including nanoparticles in sizes from just below 1 nm up to 300 nm, with nanoparticles in the size range 25–300 nm present in the highest concentrations. The results also indicated agglomeration of nanoparticles in the washwater. The street sweeping collected a large amount of fine particles and associated pollutants, leading to the conclusion that washwater from street sweeping needs to be treated before disposal.
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| 5. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among public transport workers in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Health. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1405. ; 27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Public transportation is an essential societal function in crisis situations like the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Bus drivers and other public transport workers are essential workers that need to keep working despite the risk of contagion. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may pose an occupational health risk to public transport workers and especially to bus drivers as they interact with passengers in a confined area. By analyzing antibodies towards SARS-CoV-2 proteins in blood samples it is possible to measure if an individual has been infected by COVID-19. Here, we report the prevalence of antibodies among bus drivers and other public transport employees in Stockholm, Sweden and relate it to socio-demographic factors.Methods: Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies towards SARS-CoV-2 proteins was investigated in a sample of 262 non-vaccinated public transport workers (182 men and 40 women) recruited between April 26 and May 7, 2021. Most of the participants were bus drivers (n = 222). The relationship between socio-demographic factors and seroprevalence was investigated with logistic regression.Results: The seroprevalence was 50% in the total sample of public transport workers. Among bus drivers, 51% were seropositive compared to 44% seropositive among the other public transport workers. The difference was not significant. The seroprevalence was higher than the national seroprevalence in Sweden during the same period (18.3% in non-vaccinated people aged 20–64 years). The logistic regression model using Wald forward selection showed that men had a higher risk of being seropositive (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 – 5.8) and there was a higher risk with increasing number of people in the household (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 – 1.6).Conclusions: These findings could imply an occupational risk for COVID-19 infection among public transport workers. Infection control measures are warranted during virus epidemics to assure bus drives’ safety and reduce transmission in public transport.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of own death risk : An analysis of road-traffic and overall mortality risks
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individuals' perception of their own road-traffic and overall mortality risks are examined in this paper. Perceived risk is compared with the objective risk of the respondents' peers, i.e. their own gender and age group, and the results suggest that individuals' risk perception of their own risk is biased. For road-traffic risk we obtain similar results to what have been found previously in the literature, overassessment and underassessment among low- and high-risk groups, respectively. For overall risk we find that all risk groups underestimate their risk. The results also indicate that men's risk bias is larger than women's.
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| 8. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Factors associated with self-reported driver sleepiness and incidents in city bus drivers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Industrial Health. - : National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. - 0019-8366 .- 1880-8026. ; 54:4, s. 337-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver fatigue has received increased attention during recent years and is now considered to be a major contributor to approximately 15-30% of all crashes. However, little is known about fatigue in city bus drivers. It is hypothesized that city bus drivers suffer from sleepiness, which is due to a combination of working conditions, lack of health and reduced sleep quantity and quality.The overall aim with the current study is to investigate if severe driver sleepiness, as indicated by subjective reports of having to fight sleep while driving, is a problem for city based bus drivers in Sweden and if so, to identify the determinants related to working conditions, health and sleep which contribute towards this. The results indicate that driver sleepiness is a problem for city bus drivers, with 19% having to fight to stay awake while driving the bus 2-3 times each week or more and nearly half experiencing this at least 2-4 times per month. In conclusion, severe sleepiness, as indicated by having to fight sleep during driving, was common among the city bus drivers. Severe sleepiness correlated with fatigue related safety risks, such as near crashes.
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| 9. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Observer Rated Sleepiness and Real Road Driving : An Explorative Study
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:5, s. e64782-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to explore if observer rated sleepiness (ORS) is a feasible method for quantification of driver sleepiness in field studies. Two measures of ORS were used:one for behavioural signs based on facial expression, body gestures and body movements labelled B-ORS, andone based on driving performance e.g. if swerving and other indicators of impaired driving occurs, labelled D-ORSA limited number of observers sitting in the back of an experimental vehicle on a motorway about 2 hours repeatedly 3 times per day (before lunch, after lunch, at night) observed 24 participant's sleepiness level with help of the two observer scales. At the same time the participant reported subjective sleepiness (KSS), EOG was recorded (for calculation of blink duration) and several driving measure were taken and synchronized with the reporting.Based on mixed model Anova and correlation analysis the result showed that observer ratings of sleepiness based on drivers' impaired performance and behavioural signs are sensitive to extend the general pattern of time awake, circadian phase and time of driving. The detailed analysis of the subjective sleepiness and ORS showed weak correspondence on an individual level. Only 16% of the changes in KSS were predicted by the observer. The correlation between the observer ratings based on performance (D-ORS) and behavioural signs (B-ORS) are high (r =. 588), and the B-ORS shows a moderately strong association (r =. 360) with blink duration. Both ORS measures show an association (r>0.45) with KSS, whereas the association with driving performance is weak.The results show that the ORS-method detects the expected general variations in sleepy driving in field studies, however, sudden changes in driver sleepiness on a detailed level as 5 minutes is usually not detected; this holds true both when taking into account driving behaviour or driver behavioural signs.
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| 10. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Säkerhetsförare på autonoma bussar : Uppmärksamhet och trötthet : en explorativ studie
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Försöksverksamhet och studier med små autonoma bussar i tätort blir allt vanligare och i samband med ansökan om tillstånd att bedriva sådan verksamhet krävs en säkerhetsförare ombord som kan ta över kontrollen då fordonet inte klarar sin uppgift. Det innebär i praktiken att säkerhetsföraren är ytterst ansvarig för att resan bedrivs med hög säkerhet för resande och för omgivande trafikanter. Målet med denna studie har varit att studera säkerhetsförarens arbetsmiljö och i synnerhet möjligheter att i det automatiserade fordonet agera på ett för resenärer och omgivande trafikanter säkert sätt. Studien har genomförts i Linköping i nära samarbete med mobilitetsarenan ”Ride the future”. Totalt deltog 8 förare. Datainsamlingen har varit fokuserad på säkerhetsförares vakenhet och uppmärksamhet. Studien var explorativ och förarna har inte manipulerats utan datainsamlingen har skett i samband med vanlig drift under vanliga arbetspass. Data samlades in under eftermiddagspassens första och sista timme. Resultaten från dessa har sedan jämförts. Förarnas vakenhet har mätts med självrapporterad sömnighet (KSS) och via blinkmått (blinkduration och långa blinkningar) samt hjärtfrekvensbaserade mått (hjärtfrekvensvariabilitet). Vidare har förares ögonrörelser identifierats för att beskriva hur de söker av omgivningen under körning.
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