| 1. |
- Hariz, Gun-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Women pioneers in basal ganglia surgery
- 2014
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Ingår i: Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5126 .- 1353-8020. ; 20:2, s. 137-141
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Stereotactic functional neurosurgery on basal ganglia has a long history and the pioneers are mostly men. We aimed at finding out if there were women who have contributed pioneering work in this field. Methods: The literature was searched to identify women who have been first to publish innovative papers related to human basal ganglia surgery. Results: Six women fulfilling our criteria were found: Marion Smith, a British neuropathologist, made unique observations on stereotactic lesions of basal ganglia and thalamus on autopsied brains, and the lesions' relation to the reported clinical outcome. Natalia Bechtereva, a Russian neurophysiologist, pioneered the technique of therapeutic chronic deep brain stimulation to treat various brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Denise Albe-Fessard, a French neurophysiologist, pioneered the technique of microelectrode recording (MER) in stereotactic functional neurosurgery. Gunvor Kullberg, a Swedish neurosurgeon, contributed in early CT imaging as well as early functional imaging of stereotactic lesions in PD and psychiatric patients. Hilda Molina, a Cuban neurosurgeon, established the Centro Internacional de Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN) and pioneered there MER-guided transplant surgery in PD patients. Veerle Vandewalle, a Belgian neurosurgeon, pioneered in 1999 deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Tourette Syndrome. Conclusion: Although men constitute the great majority of neurosurgeons, neurologists and other neuro-specialists who have made groundbreaking contributions in basal ganglia surgery, there are women who have made equally important and unique contributions to the field. The principal two techniques used today in functional stereotactic neurosurgery, MER and DBS, have once upon a time been pioneered by women. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Lundqvist, Anette, et al.
(författare)
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Reported dietary intake in early pregnant compared to non-pregnant women : a cross-sectional study
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2393 .- 1471-2393. ; 14:373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A woman's nutritional status before conception and during pregnancy is important for maternal health and the health of the foetus. The aim of the study was to compare diet intake in early pregnant women with non-pregnant women. Methods: Between September 2006 and March 2009, 226 women in early pregnancy were consecutively recruited at five antenatal clinics in Northern Sweden. Referent women (n = 211) were randomly selected from a current health screening project running in the same region (the Vasterbotten Intervention Program; VIP). We collected diet data with a self-reported validated food frequency questionnaire with 66 food items/food aggregates, and information on portion size, alcohol consumption, and supplement intake. Data were analysed using descriptive, comparative statistics and multivariate partial least square modelling. Results: Intake of folate and vitamin D from foods was generally low for both groups. Intake of folate and vitamin D supplements was generally high in the pregnant group and led to significantly higher total estimated intake of vitamin D and folate in the pregnant group. Iron intake from foods tended to be lower in pregnant women although iron supplement intake evened out the difference with respect to iron intake from foods only. Energy intake was slightly lower in pregnant women but not significant, a reflection of that they reported consuming significantly less of potatoes/rice/pasta, meat/fish, and vegetables (grams/day) than the women in the referent group. Conclusions: In the present study, women in early pregnancy reported less intake of vegetables, potatoes, meat, and alcohol than non-pregnant women. As they also had a low intake (below the Nordic Nutritional Recommendations) of folate, vitamin D, and iron from foods, some of these women and their unborn children are possibly at risk for adverse effects on the pregnancy and birth outcome.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Using patients' narratives to reveal gender stereotypes among medical students
- 2013
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Ingår i: Academic Medicine. - 1040-2446 .- 1938-808X. ; 88:7, s. 1015-1021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Gender bias exists in patient treatment, and, like most people, health care providers harbor gender stereotypes. In this study, the authors examined the gender stereotypes that medical students hold about patients. Method: In 2005, in Umeå, Sweden, the authors collected 81 narratives written by patients who had undergone cancer treatment; all information that might reveal the patients’ gender was removed from the texts. Eighty-seven medical students read 40 or 41 narratives each, guessed the patient’s gender, and explained their guess. The authors analyzed the students’ explanations qualitatively and quantitatively to reveal the students’ gender stereotypes and to determine whether those stereotypes had any predictive value for correctly guessing a patient’s gender. Results: The students’ explanations contained 21 categories of justifications, 12 of which were significantly associated with the students guessing one gender or the other. Only three categories successfully predicted a correct identification of gender; two categories were more often associated with incorrect guesses. Conclusions: Medical students enter their training program with culturally shared stereotypes about male and female patients that could cause bias during their future careers as physicians. To prevent this, medical curricula must address gender stereotypes and their possible consequences. The impact of implicit stereotypes must be included in discussions about gender bias in health care.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hamberg, Katarina, 1952-
(författare)
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Gender bias in medicine
- 2008
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Ingår i: Women's health.. - : Sage Publications. - 1745-5057 .- 1745-5065. ; 4:3, s. 237-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender bias has implications in the treatment of both male and female patients and it is important to take into consideration in most fields of medical research, clinical practice and education. Gender blindness and stereotyped preconceptions about men and women are identified as key causes to gender bias. However, exaggeration of observed sex and gender differences can also lead to bias. This article will examine the phenomenon of gender bias in medicine, present useful concepts and models for the understanding of bias, and outline areas of interest for further research.
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| 6. |
- Hamberg, Katarina, 1952-
(författare)
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Genusperspektiv i allmänmedicinskt arbete
- 2015. - 2
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Ingår i: Allmänmedicin. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144084466 ; , s. 1028-1035
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hamberg, Katarina, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Sex or gender? Conceptual confusion is common.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Hypertension News. Web Journal for International Society of Hypertension.. - : International Society of Hypertension. ; :12, s. 13-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When researchers study sex or gender differences in health outcomes they often find significant disparities. But what do sex or gender actually mean and measure? The simplest answer is to consider that all subjects are either women or men and to group them accordingly. Historically differences between the women and men were thought to arise from biology, reproductive organs, hormones or biological processes. This is what the term 'sex' generally means. The division between sex and gender in social science research developed in the 1960s. The split highlighted the need to move beyond a narrow focus on biology and recognize that socioeconomic conditions and cultural norms also shape and constrain education, career choices, salaries, and health. The term, gender refers to social aspects of being a man and woman, features that are formed in relation to upbringing, conditions in daily life, norms and culture.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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From calling to a scheduled vocation : Swedish male and female students' reflections on being a doctor
- 2007
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Ingår i: Medical teacher. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0142-159X .- 1466-187X. ; 29:1, s. e1-e8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: All over the world an increasing number of women are entering medical schools. Soon women will constitute half of the physician workforce in Scandinavia. However, specialty segregation persists. Reports have shown different motives among male and female doctors to be, but the impact of gender, i.e. how ongoing social constructions of femininity and masculinity influence the development of professionalism, is not fully described.AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore views and visions among second-year students at a Swedish Medical School, and to identify challenges for education and workforce planning.METHODS: After receiving research ethics board approval, all students participating in the course 'Professional development', including a task to write a free-text essay on the theme 'to be a doctor', were invited to share their essays for analysis. Of 138 (40% men) students in 2002, 104 (39% men) accepted. The texts were analysed according to grounded theory.RESULTS: Students held 'doctorship' to be an outstanding profession of commitment, authority and duty. Fears were exposed, especially among women, regarding how to fit demands of self-sacrifices and balancing a private life. Belonging to a new generation, they conceived gender equity as self-evident. Actual working conditions were met with disapproval, as did an all-embracing calling. A scheduled vocation was hoped for. They relied on the mass of women to implement change. Women's 'other' values, alluding to family orientation, were expected to alter working conditions and also give men more leisure time. Despite equity conviction, segregating gender patterns in students' representations, interactions with tutors and future prospects were disclosed.CONCLUSIONS: Students' arguments raise challenges for medical educators and planners regarding professional values, medical socialization and specialty recruitment. The new generation requires a renewed Hippocratic Oath, gender-aware role models and practice sites. Swedish students' arguments are compared with current international literature.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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"How could I even think of a job?" : ambiguities in working life in a group of female patients with undefined musculoskeletal pain
- 1997
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 15:4, s. 169-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective - To explore the meaning of working life for a group of women sick-listed because of undefined, musculoskeletal pain disorders.Design - Repeated thematic interviews, analysed qualitatively according to grounded theory.Setting and participants - Twenty female patients, impaired by biomedically undefined pain and musculoskeletal disorders, were successively recruited at an urban primary health care centre in northern Sweden.Main findings - There were discrepancies between work aspirations and work experiences concerning economic maintenance, social interaction, and personal recognition. The women had low-income jobs in fields threatened by redundancy, such as cleaning, care, and service. Family considerations had a strong impact on organization and priorities in paid work. In a situation of pain and sick leave, family orientation strengthened and work aspirations declined. Social and personal recognition was sought in the unpaid ’duties at home, and economic refuge in ‘the state as supporter’.Implications - To understand women with undefined musculoskeletal pain as patients, we must also understand their aspirations and experiences as workers, mothers, and spouses. ‘Family considerations’, ’diminishing paid work’, and ’the state as supporter’ are important concepts for understanding the women’s sick role process.
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