| 1. |
- Jönsson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Immunocytochemical demonstration of estrogen receptor beta in human periodontal ligament cells.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Archives of Oral Biology. - 1879-1506 .- 0003-9969. ; 49:1, s. 85-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two transcription associated estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes have been identified and named ERα and ERβ. In the present study we investigate the expression of these ER subtypes in cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells by immunocytochemistry. ERβ immunoreactivity was observed in the nuclei of about 40% of the PDL cells, while no ERα immunoreactivity was detected. In human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, serving as positive controls, both ERα and ERβ immunoreactivities were demonstrated. No immunoreactivity was observed after omission of the primary antibodies. This study suggests that estrogen acts on gene transcription preferentially via ERβ in human PDL cells.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Amelie, et al.
(författare)
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Expression and motor effects of secretin in small and large intestine of the rat
- 2000
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781. ; 21:11, s. 94-1687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed abundant secretin expressing cells on duodenal villi with a gradual decrease throughout the small intestines of the rat. They were absent in pancreas, stomach and colon. Secretin caused relaxation of rat intestinal longitudinal muscle in vitro. Studies on colon revealed that the secretin-evoked response was unaffected by apamin, tetrodotoxin, L-NAME, VIP or PACAP pretreatment; secretin itself caused desensitization. Addition of VIP or PACAP when the secretin-evoked relaxation was maximal evoked a further relaxation suggesting the presence of distinct receptors. Secretin causes relaxation via activation of secretin receptors located on the smooth muscle and not via any of the related VIP/PACAP receptors.
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| 3. |
- Arciszewski, Marcin, et al.
(författare)
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Lipopolysaccharide induces cell death in cultured porcine myenteric neurons.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2568 .- 0163-2116. ; 50:9, s. 1661-1668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enteric bacteria execute, via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogenic role in intestinal inflammation. The effects of LPS on survival and neurotransmitter expression in cultured porcine myenteric neurons were investigated. Myenteric neurons were isolated and cultured for 6 days in medium, in LPS (100 ng/ml) with or without α-ketoglutarate or the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME, in α-ketoglutarate or in the NO donor SNAP. Neuronal survival and expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and NOS were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Addition of LPS significantly decreased neuronal survival; only 40% survived, compared to controls run in parallel. The LPS-induced neurotoxic effect was not counteracted by the simultaneous presence of α-ketoglutarate or L-NAME. Either SNAP or α-ketoglutarate influenced neuronal survival. Culturing, particularly in the presence of LPS, markedly increased the proportion of VIP-immunoreactive neurons; NOS-immunoreactive neurons were unchanged. The reported LPS-induced neurotoxicity indicates loss of enteric neurons as a consequence of intestinal inflammation.
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| 4. |
- Ekblad, Eva
(författare)
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CART in the enteric nervous system.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5169 .- 0196-9781. ; 27:8, s. 2024-2030
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression, distribution, origin, projections, chemical coding and functions of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the gastro-intestinal tract are reviewed. CART is extensively expressed in the enteric nervous system. Except from being a possible modulator of NO induced intestinal relaxation CART does not seem to play any pivotal role in intestinal motility. Accumulating evidence suggest CART to be neuroprotective, involved in survival and maintenance of enteric neurons. CART expression increases in atrophic intestine thus suggesting a role of CART in intestinal adaptation. In rat antral mucosa CART is expressed in gastrin cells indicating a hormonal role of gastric CART.
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| 5. |
- Ekblad, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Innervation of the small intestine.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Biology of the Intestine in Growing Animals. - 9780444509284 - 0444509283 ; , s. 235-235
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intestinal activities are controlled and co-ordinated by way of neuronal reflexes involving both extrinsic and intramural neurones, the enteric nervous system (ENS). This review focuses on the organisation, development and functional properties of the intestinal innervation and of the neurotransmitters utilised.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Ekelund, M, et al.
(författare)
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Intestinal adaptation in atrophic rat ileum is accompanied by supersensitivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide and nitric oxide
- 2001
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7708 .- 0036-5521. ; 36:3, s. 251-257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Intestinal inactivity leads to atrophic changes and concomitant alterations in the expression of neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system. In atrophic rat ileum neurones expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) decrease in number while nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expressing neurones increase. Since little is known about functional changes accompanying intestinal atrophy the aim of the present study was to investigate relaxatory responses to VIP, PACAP-27 and nitric oxide (NO) in longitudinal smooth muscle from atrophic rat ileum. METHODS: To create a dysfunctional (atrophic) intestine, the distal 10 cm of rat ileum was surgically bypassed. In vitro experiments were carried out on longitudinal muscle strips from rat ileum having been sham-operated, one week or four weeks bypassed. RESULTS: The amplitudes of the relaxatory responses to PACAP-27, VIP and the NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), but not forskolin, were significantly increased in the one-week bypassed ileum. In the four-weeks bypassed ileum the VIP, PACAP-27, SNAP and forskolin evoked relaxations were of the same magnitude as those of the sham-operated. The augmented responses to both VIP and PACAP-27 could be blocked by pre-treatment with apamin while N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and tetrodotoxin were ineffective. In contrast to sham-operated and four-weeks bypassed ileum, cross-desensitization between VIP and PACAP-27 was noted after one week of bypass. CONCLUSION: Intestinal adaptation after bypassing the distal ileum of the rat includes a transient supersensitivity of the longitudinal muscle to the NO donor SNAP, VIP and PACAP-27. These augmented relaxatory responses may contribute to the hypomotility noted in inactive intestine.
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| 8. |
- Ekelund, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Total Parenteral Nutrition Causes Circumferential Intestinal Atrophy, Remodeling of the Intestinal Wall, and Redistribution of Eosinophils in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2568 .- 0163-2116. ; 52:8, s. 1833-1839
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is held to cause intestinal atrophy and weaken mechanical and immunological barriers. To monitor the degree of atrophy caused by TPN, female Sprague-Dawley rats were, for 8 days, maintained on TPN (n = 6) and compared to identically housed controls given food and water ad libitum (n = 6). Specimens from jejunum, ileum, and colon were taken for histology and morphometric analysis. Topographic distribution and presence of eosinophils, by eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) staining, were examined in the gastric fundus, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Atrophy in terms of a markedly reduced circumference was noted throughout the intestinal tract in all rats subjected to TPN. The width of jejunal and ileal villi was narrowed and the length of jejunal villi was decreased. Furthermore, submucosal thickness in the jejunum and ileum increased. The height of ileal enterocytes remained unaltered. The number of goblet cells decreased in jejunal but not in ileal villi. The Paneth cells, suggested to play important roles in innate defense, increased in size. In the gastric fundus a marked increase in eosinophils was revealed predominantly in the mucosa and submucosa. The number and distribution of jejunal and ileal eosinophils were identical to those of controls. In colon from TPN rats, a redistribution of eosinophils was noted, causing a "band-like" accumulation of eosinophils in the basal portion of the mucosa. In conclusion, TPN causes gut atrophy and an increase in Paneth cell size. Eosinophils increase in number in the gastric fundus and a topographic redistribution occurs in the colon.
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| 9. |
- Lin, Z, et al.
(författare)
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Increased expression of nitric oxide synthase in cultured neurons from adult rat colonic submucous ganglia
- 2004
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Ingår i: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7484. ; 114:1-2, s. 29-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuronal plasticity in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is probably a key step in intestinal adaptation during growth, maturation and ageing as well as in several pathophysiological situations. Studies on cultured myenteric neurons have revealed an increased vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-expressing neurons. In addition, both VIP and nitric oxide (NO) promote survival of cultured myenteric neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible changes in the expression of VIP and NOS in cultured submucous neurons from adult rat large intestine. Submucous neurons were cultured as explants or as dissociated neurons for 3 and 8 days. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine the proportions of neurons containing VIP or NOS in preparations of uncultured controls (reflects the conditions in vivo) and in cultured explants of submucosa and dissociated submucous neurons. In situ hybridization was used to determine changes in the expressions of NOS and VIP mRNA. The relative number of NOS-expressing neurons increased significantly during culturing. The percentage of all neurons expressing NOS was 22% in controls, while approximately 50% of the cultured submucous neurons expressed NOS. VIP-expressing neurons constituted approximately 80% of all submucous neurons in controls as well as in cultured explants or dissociated neurons. Studies on coexistence revealed that the VIP-containing neurons were the ones that started to express NOS during culture. The induced expression of NOS in cultured adult submucous neurons indicates that nitric oxide, possibly in cooperation with VIP, is important for neuronal adaptation, maintenance and survival. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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