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- Falk Erhag, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing
- 2022
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This open access book provides insight on how to interpret capability in ageing – one’s individual ability to perform actions in order to reach goals one has reason to value – from a multidisciplinary approach. With for the first time in history there being more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there are children below the age of 5, the book describes this demographic trends as well as the large global challenges and important societal implications this will have such as a worldwide increase in the number of persons affected with dementia, and in the ratio of retired persons to those still in the labor market. Through contributions from many different research areas, it discussed how capability depends on interactions between the individual (e.g. health, genetics, personality, intellectual capacity), environment (e.g. family, friends, home, work place), and society (e.g. political decisions, ageism, historical period). The final chapter by the editors summarizes the differences and similarities in these contributions. As such this book provides an interesting read for students, teachers and researchers at different levels and from different fields interested in capability and multidisciplinary research.
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- Lindquist, Göran, 1923, et al.
(författare)
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Organisk psykiatri. Teoretiska och kliniska aspekter : Organic Psychiatry. Theoretical and clinical aspects.
- 1990
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this book a theory about the nature of organic mental disorders (in the narrow sense) and a new diagnostic system for them are presented. The diagnostic concepts used are mainly rooted in the classical Central European psychiatric tradition but have been modified in the light of recently published research and the authors' own clinical experience from different parts of organic psychiatry.
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- Persson, Bertil R
(författare)
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A STORY ABOUT SCHIZOPHRENIA IMAGING AND METABOLISM
- 2023. - 1
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- After initial studies in the years 1960-62 in chemistry, mathematics andphysics, my scientific career in medical imaging began in 1963. My qualificationsin chemistry then came in handy when the Nordics' first gamma camera installedin Lund. Around the same time, the discovery of a radioactive isotope of a newelement Technetium-99m showed suitable for use with the gamma camera.My task became to produce Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals appliedfor use on patients. The gamma camera images with Technetium-99m were athousand times better than the old scintigraphy with 198Au and 131I.This was the beginning to my involvement in medical imaging diagnostics,which in 1981 by unfathomable ways led to my engagement in nuclear magneticresonance imaging MRI.In 1963, I managed together with my skilful collaborators in Lund to build thefirst MR scanner in Scandinavia. I nurtured a hypothesis that the soul could bemirrored with the structure of water in the brain, which the NMR relaxation of theprotons could reveal. Thus, imaging nuclear spin resonance might be able toimage the soul, which I thought should be there somewhere within us. However,it was mostly something about what my co-workers joked.That became a dream until 2015 when a 7-tesla MRI device came to Lund.Then the opportunities opened up to in vivo studies of the chemistry of the brain.This stimulated my visions of the chemistry of the soul and led to my involvementin studying brain imaging of patients with Schizophrenia that is the subject of thisbook:A Story about Schizophrenia Imaging and Metabolism.Dedicated to someone with that diagnose!The first Chapter deals with nuclear medicine imaging of Schizophrenia thatstarted in the early 1970s in Lund by David Ingvar and Göran Franzén. Theycarried out pioneering work with radioactive isotopes to image the brain's regionalblood flow in Schizophrenic patients.The introduction of SPECT with Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals suchas e.g. 99mTc-HMPAO simplified the procedure of examining the relationshipsbetween rCBF, psychopathology and effects of neuroleptic therapy.The introduction of positron emission tomography PET was a furtherimprovement in nuclear medicine methods. 18F-FDG PET studies of Schizophrenia show that patients with Schizophrenia have reduced brainmetabolism in several brain regions.The second chapter describes how it all began with the introduction tomagnetic resonance imaging. Then follows a review of how the various magneticresonance methods apply to Schizophrenia.Structural brain imaging studies sMRI performed on Schizophrenic patientstend to focus on changes in anatomy and volume of different brain regions.Altered gyrification in the Insula and Orbitofrontal Cortex appears to be a goodmarker for disturbances in the early neuronal development in Schizophrenia.Additional evaluation of CSF flow dynamics in the aqueduct could strengthenthe knowledge about the pathophysiology in both diagnostics and treatment ofpatients with Schizophrenia.Functional ƒMRI reflects changes in discrete neural circuits and may be auseful tool for defining subgroups within the clinically defined syndrome ofSchizophrenia.Diffusion tensor imaging DTI and its combination with magnetic transferimaging MTI, show higher extracellular concentrations of free water, indicatingthe presence of neuro inflammation in Schizophrenia.The method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the humanbrain developed to become a user-friendly tool for chemistry of the brain. An invivo 1H-NMR spectrum measured from the human brain at seven tesla (7 T)provide reliable quantification of more than fifteen different metabolites.The third chapter review the main metabolic pathways in the brain ofimportance for Schizophrenia.1H-MRS shows that all Schizophrenia patients had a significantly lowerconcentration-ratio of N-AcetylAspartic acid (NAA) to Creatine in the frontallobe than the controls.Significantly, lower concentration-ratio of gamma-aminobutyric acid GABAto Creatine (Cr) appeared in the prefrontal cortex of patients with Schizophreniacompared to healthy controls.The results of 1H-MRS also indicate that significantly lower Glutamateconcentrations in the Hippocampus in Schizophrenia are associated with thepathophysiology of Schizophrenia.Activation of the Tryptophan metabolism (TRYCAT) pathway appears to beinvolved in the pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Patients with Schizophreniaseems to have significantly lower serum levels of Kynurenic-acid (KYNA), whichdampens the effect of the -7nicotinic-acetyl-choline receptor (7nAChR) and/orthe N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR). he dysfunction of those receptors seems to contribute to cognitive impairment in Schizophreniamotivating new therapeutic strategies targeting brain Kynurenic Acid synthesis.The forth chapter review indications that other metabolite markers couldpromote Schizophrenia diagnosis and treatment follow-up.Out of twenty-two marker, metabolites studied, Citrate, Palmitic acid, Myoinositoland Allantoin exhibit the best ability for completely separateSchizophrenic patients from matched healthy controls, and may be usefulbiomarkers to monitor therapeutic efficacy.Lund 2023-10-12Bertil RR Persson PhD, MD.h.c, Professor Emeritus
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