1.
Alam, Athar, et al.
(författare)
The Role of ClpB in Bacterial Stress Responses and Virulence
2021
Ingår i: Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-889X. ; 8
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat) abstract
Bacterial survival within a mammalian host is contingent upon sensing environmental perturbations and initiating an appropriate counter-response. To achieve this, sophisticated molecular machineries are used, where bacterial chaperone systems play key roles. The chaperones are a prerequisite for bacterial survival during normal physiological conditions as well as under stressful situations, e.g., infection or inflammation. Specific stress factors include, but are not limited to, high temperature, osmolarity, pH, reactive oxidative species, or bactericidal molecules. ClpB, a member of class 1 AAA+ proteins, is a key chaperone that via its disaggregase activity plays a crucial role for bacterial survival under various forms of stress, in particular heat shock. Recently, it has been reported that ClpB also regulates secretion of bacterial effector molecules related to type VI secretion systems. In this review, the roles of ClpB in stress responses and the mechanisms by which it promotes survival of pathogenic bacteria are discussed.
2.
Rydén, Patrik, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
Outbreaks of tularemia in a boreal forest region depends on mosquito prevalence
2012
Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 205:2, s. 297-304
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Background. We aimed to evaluate the potential association of mosquito prevalence in a boreal forest area with transmission of the bacterial disease tularemia to humans, and model the annual variation of disease using local weather data.Methods. A prediction model for mosquito abundance was built using weather and mosquito catch data. Then a negative binomial regression model based on the predicted mosquito abundance and local weather data was built to predict annual numbers of humans contracting tularemia in Dalarna County, Sweden.Results. Three hundred seventy humans were diagnosed with tularemia between 1981 and 2007, 94% of them during 7 summer outbreaks. Disease transmission was concentrated along rivers in the area. The predicted mosquito abundance was correlated (0.41, P < .05) with the annual number of human cases. The predicted mosquito peaks consistently preceded the median onset time of human tularemia (temporal correlation, 0.76; P < .05). Our final predictive model included 5 environmental variables and identified 6 of the 7 outbreaks.Conclusions. This work suggests that a high prevalence of mosquitoes in late summer is a prerequisite for outbreaks of tularemia in a tularemia-endemic boreal forest area of Sweden and that environmental variables can be used as risk indicators.
3.
Åhlund, Monika K, et al.
(författare)
Directed screen of Francisella novicida virulence determinants using Drosophila melanogaster
2010
Ingår i: Infection and Immunity. - : ASM International. - 0019-9567 .- 1098-5522. ; 78:7, s. 3118-3128
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent, facultative intracellular human pathogen whose virulence mechanisms are not well understood. Occasional outbreaks of tularemia and the potential use of F. tularensis as a bioterrorist agent warrant better knowledge about the pathogenicity of this bacterium. Thus far, genome-wide in vivo screens for virulence factors have been performed in mice, all however restricted by the necessity to apply competition-based, negative-selection assays. We wanted to individually evaluate putative virulence determinants suggested by such assays and performed directed screening of 249 F. novicida transposon insertion mutants by using survival of infected fruit flies as a measure of bacterial virulence. Some 20% of the genes tested were required for normal virulence in flies; most of these had not previously been investigated in detail in vitro or in vivo. We further characterized their involvement in bacterial proliferation and pathogenicity in flies and in mouse macrophages. Hierarchical cluster analysis of mutant phenotypes indicated a functional linkage between clustered genes. One cluster grouped all but four genes of the Francisella pathogenicity island and other loci required for intracellular survival. We also identified genes involved in adaptation to oxidative stress and genes which might induce host energy wasting. Several genes related to type IV pilus formation demonstrated hypervirulent mutant phenotypes. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the bacteria in part use similar virulence mechanisms in mammals as in Drosophila melanogaster but that a considerable proportion of the virulence factors active in mammals are dispensable for pathogenicity in the insect model.
4.
Alam, Athar, et al.
(författare)
ClpB mutants of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica and tularensis are defective for type VI secretion and intracellular replication
2018
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Francisella tularensis, a highly infectious, intracellular bacterium possesses an atypical type VI secretion system (T6SS), which is essential for the virulence of the bacterium. Recent data suggest that the HSP100 family member, ClpB, is involved in T6SS disassembly in the subspecies Francisella novicida. Here, we investigated the role of ClpB for the function of the T6SS and for phenotypic characteristics of the human pathogenic subspecies holarctica and tularensis. The Delta clpB mutants of the human live vaccine strain, LVS, belonging to subspecies holarctica, and the highly virulent SCHU S4 strain, belonging to subspecies tularensis, both showed extreme susceptibility to heat shock and low pH, severely impaired type VI secretion (T6S), and significant, but impaired intracellular replication compared to the wild-type strains. Moreover, they showed essentially intact phagosomal escape. Infection of mice demonstrated that both Delta clpB mutants were highly attenuated, but the SCHU S4 mutant showed more effective replication than the LVS strain. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ClpB performs multiple functions in the F. tularensis subspecies holarctica and tularensis and its function is important for T6S, intracellular replication, and virulence.
5.
Andersson, Henrik, 1972-
(författare)
A microarray analysis of the host response to infection with Francisella tularensis
2006
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium that is the cause of the serious and sometimes fatal disease, tularemia, in a wide range of animal species and in humans. The response of cells of the mouse macrophage cell line J774 to infection with Francisella tularensis LVS was analyzed by means of a DNA microarray. It was observed that the infection conferred an oxidative stress upon the target cells and many of the host defense mechanisms appeared to be intended to counteract this stress. The infection was characterized by a very modest inflammatory response. Tularemia caused by inhalation of F. tularensis subspecies tularensis is one of the most aggressive infectious diseases known. We used the mouse model to examine in detail the host immune response in the lung. After an aerosol challenge all mice developed clinical signs of severe disease, showed weight loss by day four of infection, and died the next day. Gene transcriptional changes in the mouse lung samples were examined on day one, two, and four of infection. Genes preferentially involved in host immune responses were activated extensively on day four but on day one and two, only marginally or not at all. Several genes upregulated on day four are known to depend on IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha for their regulation. In keeping with this finding, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels were found to be increased significantly in bronchoalveolar lavage on day four. We undertook an analysis of the transcriptional response in peripheral blood during the course of ulceroglandular tularemia by use of Affymetrix microarrays. Samples were obtained from seven individuals at five occasions during two weeks after the first hospital visit and convalescent samples three months later. In total 265 genes were differentially expressed. The most prominent changes were noted in samples drawn on days 2-3 and a considerable proportion of the upregulated genes appeared to represent an IFN-gamma-induced response and also a pro-apoptotic response. Genes involved in the generation of innate and acquired immune responses were found to be downregulated, presumably a pathogen-induced event. A logistic regression analysis revealed that seven genes were good predictors of the early phase of tularemia. Recently, a large number of methods for the analysis of microarray data have been proposed but there are few comparisons of their relative performances. We undertook a study to evaluate established and novel methods for filtration, background adjustment, scanning, and censoring. For all analyses, the sensitivities at low false positive rates were observed together with a bias measurement. In general, there was a trade off between the analyses ability to identify differentially expressed genes and their ability to obtain unbiased estimators of the desired ratios. A commonly used standard analysis using background adjustment performed poorly. Interestingly, the constrained model combining data from several scans resulted in high sensitivities. For experiments where only low false discovery rates are acceptable, the use of the constrained model or the novel partial filtration method are likely to perform better than some commonly used standard analyses.
6.
Bröms, Jeanette E., et al.
(författare)
A functional VipA-VipB interaction is required for the type VI secretion system activity of Vibrio cholerae O1 strain A1552
2013
Ingår i: BMC Microbiology. - London, England : BioMed Central. - 1471-2180. ; 13, s. 96-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Background: Many Gram-negative bacteria rely on a type VI secretion system (T6SS) to infect eukaryotic cells or to compete against other microbes. Common to these systems is the presence of two conserved proteins, in Vibrio cholerae denoted VipA and VipB, which have been shown to interact in many clinically relevant pathogens. In this study, mutagenesis of a defined region within the VipA protein was used to identify residues important for VipB binding in V. cholerae O1 strain A1552. Results: A dramatically diminished interaction was shown to correlate with a decrease in VipB stability and a loss of hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp) secretion and rendered the bacterium unable to compete with Escherichia coli in a competition assay. Conclusions: This confirms the biological relevance of the VipA-VipB interaction, which is essential for the T6SS activity of many important human pathogens.
7.
Bröms, Jeanette E., et al.
(författare)
A mutagenesis-based approach identifies amino acids in the N-terminal part of Francisella tularensis IglE that critically control type VI system-mediated secretion
2017
Ingår i: Virulence. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC. - 2150-5594 .- 2150-5608. ; 8:6, s. 821-847
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis is the etiological agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. Its life cycle is characterized by an ability to survive within phagocytic cells through phagosomal escape and replication in the cytosol, ultimately causing inflammasome activation and host cell death. Required for these processes is the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI), which encodes a Type VI secretion system (T6SS) that is active during intracellular infection. In this study, we analyzed the role of the FPI-component IglE, a lipoprotein which we previously have shown to be secreted in a T6SS-dependent manner. We demonstrate that in F. tularensis LVS, IglE is an outer membrane protein. Upon infection of J774 cells, an Delta iglE mutant failed to escape from phagosomes, and subsequently, to multiply and cause cytopathogenicity. Moreover, Delta iglE was unable to activate the inflammasome, to inhibit LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-alpha, and showed marked attenuation in the mouse model. In F. novicida, IglE was required for in vitro secretion of IglC and VgrG. A mutagenesis-based approach involving frameshift mutations and alanine substitution mutations within the first similar to 38 residues of IglE revealed that drastic changes in the sequence of the extreme N-terminus (residues 2-6) were well tolerated and, intriguingly, caused hyper-secretion of IglE during intracellular infection, while even subtle mutations further downstream lead to impaired protein function. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of IglE in F. tularensis pathogenicity, and the contribution of the N-terminus for all of the above mentioned processes.
8.
Bröms, Jeanette E, et al.
(författare)
Dissection of the Functions of the IglC Protein of Francisella tularensis
2010
Ingår i: The challenge of highly pathogenic microorganisms. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9789048190539 - 9789048190546 ; , s. 67-75
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat) abstract
Francisella tularensis harbors genes with similarity to genes encoding components of a type VI secretion system (T6SS). These include iglA and iglB, the homologues of which are conserved in T6SSs. They are part of the igl operon, also encompassing the iglC and iglD genes. We have used a yeast two-hybrid system to study the interaction of the Igl proteins of E tularensis LVS. Previously, we identified a region of IglA necessary for efficient binding to IglB as well as for IglAB protein stability and intra-macrophage growth with an essential role for a conserved alpha-helical region. Thus, IglA-IglB complex formation is clearly crucial for Francisella pathogenicity and the same interaction is conserved in other human pathogens. Herein, the interaction of IglC with other members of the operon was investigated. It showed no binding to the other members in the yeast two-hybrid assay and we found also that two cysteine residues, C191 and C192, predicted to be putative prenylation sites, played no role for the important contribution of IglC to the intracellular replication of E tularensis although C191 was important for the stability of the protein.
9.
Bröms, Jeanette E., et al.
(författare)
DotU and VgrG, core components of type VI secretion systems, are essential for Francisella LVS pathogenicity
2012
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:4
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis causes tularemia, a disease which requires bacterial escape from phagosomes of infected macrophages. Once in the cytosol, the bacterium rapidly multiplies, inhibits activation of the inflammasome and ultimately causes death of the host cell. Of importance for these processes is a 33-kb gene cluster, the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI), which is believed to encode a type VI secretion system (T6SS). In this study, we analyzed the role of the FPI-encoded proteins VgrG and DotU, which are conserved components of type VI secretion (T6S) clusters. We demonstrate that in F. tularensis LVS, VgrG was shown to form multimers, consistent with its suggested role as a trimeric membrane puncturing device in T6SSs, while the inner membrane protein DotU was shown to stabilize PdpB/IcmF, another T6SS core component. Upon infection of J774 cells, both Delta vgrG and Delta dotU mutants did not escape from phagosomes, and subsequently, did not multiply or cause cytopathogenicity. They also showed impaired activation of the inflammasome and marked attenuation in the mouse model. Moreover, all of the DotU-dependent functions investigated here required the presence of three residues that are essentially conserved among all DotU homologues. Thus, in agreement with a core function in T6S clusters, VgrG and DotU play key roles for modulation of the intracellular host response as well as for the virulence of F. tularensis.
10.
Bröms, Jeanette E, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
The role of the Francisella Tularensis pathogenicity island in type VI secretion, intracellular survival, and modulation of host cell signaling
2010
Ingår i: Frontiers in microbiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-302X. ; 1, s. 136-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Essential for its virulence is the ability to multiply within host cells, in particular monocytic cells. The bacterium has developed intricate means to subvert host immune mechanisms and thereby facilitate its intracellular survival by preventing phagolysosomal fusion followed by escape into the cytosol, where it multiplies. Moreover, it targets and manipulates numerous host cell signaling pathways, thereby ameliorating the otherwise bactericidal capacity. Many of the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unknown but key elements, directly or indirectly responsible for many of the aforementioned mechanisms, rely on the expression of proteins encoded by the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI), suggested to constitute a type VI secretion system. We here describe the current knowledge regarding the components of the FPI and the roles that have been ascribed to them.
