| 1. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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A framework for assessing urban greenery's effects and valuing its ecosystem services
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Academic Press. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 205, s. 274-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ongoing urban exploitation is increasing pressure to transform urban green spaces, while there is increasing awareness that greenery provides a range of important benefits to city residents. In efforts to help resolve associated problems we have developed a framework for integrated assessments of ecosystem service (ES) benefits and values provided by urban greenery, based on the ecosystem service cascade model. The aim is to provide a method for assessing the contribution to, and valuing, multiple ES provided by urban greenery that can be readily applied in routine planning processes. The framework is unique as it recognizes that an urban greenery comprises several components and functions that can contribute to multiple ecosystem services in one or more ways via different functional traits (e.g. foliage characteristics) for which readily measured indicators have been identified. The framework consists of five steps including compilation of an inventory of indicator; application of effectivity factors to rate indicators' effectiveness; estimation of effects; estimation of benefits for each ES; estimation of the total ES value of the ecosystem. The framework was applied to assess ecosystem services provided by trees, shrubs, herbs, birds, and bees, in green areas spanning an urban gradient in Gothenburg, Sweden. Estimates of perceived values of ecosystem services were obtained from interviews with the public and workshop activities with civil servants. The framework is systematic and transparent at all stages and appears to have potential utility in the existing spatial planning processes.
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| 2. |
- Arvidsson, Anna K, 1971-
(författare)
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Sträckprognoser E6
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sträckprognoser är ett arbetssätt för att prognostisera vädersituationer eller väglag, då framför allt halka. Projektet som redovisas i VTI notat 32-2013 är en början på att implementera sträckprognostekniken på svenska vägar. Sträckprognoser finns sedan tidigare implementerade på flera håll i världen däribland Norge och Tjeckien och är ett sätt att prognostisera vädersituationer eller väglag på sträckor mellan befintliga VViS-stationer (VägVäderinformationSystem). VViS-stationer är placerade över hela Sverige och framförallt på platser där sannolikheten för halka är stor. Om det sker förändringar i området runt stationen, till exempel ändringar av vegetationen, kan förhållandena ändras jämfört med den ursprungliga karteringen av vägsträckan. För att göra en modell som beskriver en vägsträcka behövs en klimatkartering och en topoklimatologisk analys för att veta hur temperaturer, höjder, skuggning, med mera, längs vägen varierar. Därefter kan vägen delas in i olika segment som representerar de olika variationerna på vägen. Modellen beräknar sedan fram prognoser för yttemperaturer och väglag, dessa jämförs och justeras tillsammans med de uppmätta temperaturerna från tidpunkten för karteringen. Resultaten av mätningarna på aktuell vägsträcka längs E6 visar på god samstämmighet mellan de modellerade värdena och de uppmätta temperaturerna.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hrelja, Robert, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Innovations for sustainable public transport : Experiences and challenges in the Scandinavian countries
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the project has been to analyse institutional and planning conditions for public transport in the Scandinavian countries from a comparative perspective, looking at the county of Skåne (Sweden) and the municipalities of Aarhus (Denmark) and Trondheim (Norway). The report considers qualitative case studies of public transport in Skåne, Aarhus, and Trondheim, and uses an empirical material consisting of written material and interviews. It concludes that: (i) new forms of coordination between organizations and policy areas are called for in a number of critical areas, if public transport is to contribute effectively to the development of an efficient and sustainable transport system (for example, forms for the coordination of public transport, land use, and infrastructure planning); (ii) public transport must not be seen as an end in itself, or as merely a technical transport system; (iii) the successful pursuit of public-transport innovations relies upon complex, interwoven stories and arguments that persuade diverse actors and organizations to collaborate and act on their shared meanings; and (iiii) there is a need to challenge the planning myths used to mobilize support for land-use and traffic system developments that undermine the long-term competitiveness of public transport.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Abadir Guirgis, Georg, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Lokförarutbildning i Sverige : simulatoranvändning och ERTMS
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta notat ger en översiktlig bild av den obligatoriska grundutbildningen till lokförare i Sverige och belyser i vilken mån simulatorbaserad träning förekommer inom utbildningen. Rapporten visar vilka möjligheter och begränsningar som finns med att öka användningen av simulatorer i lokförarutbildningen, samt beskriver de viktigaste styrdokumenten för lokföraryrket och lokförarutbildningen. Vidare presenteras Transportstyrelsens utbildningsplan för förarbevis och de aktörer som bedriver grundutbildning, fortbildning och examination. Trafikverkets E-Learning för ERTMS, ERSA-simulatorn samt operatörsspecifika ERTMS-utbildningar vid SJ och Green Cargo beskrivs. Forskarna har dessutom undersökt svenska tågoperatörers och utbildares nuvarande användning och framtida behov av simulatorer för grund- och fortbildning av lokförare. Exempel från andra domäner där simulatorer används i utbildningssammanhang lyfts också fram i rapporten.
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| 7. |
- Abbas, Khaled A, et al.
(författare)
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A generic approach for in depth statistical investigation of accident characteristics and causes
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the conference Traffic Safety on Three Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 653-665
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main aim of this research is to develop a generic approach for the utilization of statistical methods to conduct depth investigation of road accident characteristics and causes. This approach is applied in an effort to analyse the 1998 accident database for the main rural roads in Egypt. This database is composed of traffic accident data collected for 14 road sections representing nine major roads of the Egyptian rural road network. The proposed approach is composed of two main stages of analysis. Within each stage, several analytical steps are conducted. The first stage is mainly concerned with developing cluster bar charts, where different characteristics and causes of accidents are portrayed in relation to variations in the three main accident contributing factors, namely types of roads, vehicles and drivers. The second stage is concerned with conducting in-depth statistical analysis of the collected accident data. Within this stage, four levels of statistical investigations were conducted. These are meant to examine a number of issues.
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| 8. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Eye Tracking in Driver Attention Research : How Gaze Data Interpretations Influence What We Learn
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-6195. ; 2:34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye tracking (ET) has been used extensively in driver attention research. Amongst other findings, ET data have increased our knowledge about what drivers look at in different traffic environments and how they distribute their glances when interacting with non-driving related tasks. Eye tracking is also the go-to method when determining driver distraction via glance target classification. At the same time, eye trackers are limited in the sense that they can only objectively measure the gaze direction. To learn more about why drivers look where they do, what information they acquire foveally and peripherally, how the road environment and traffic situation affect their behavior, and how their own expertise influences their actions, it is necessary to go beyond counting the targets that the driver foveates. In this perspective paper, we suggest a glance analysis approach that classifies glances based on their purpose. The main idea is to consider not only the intention behind each glance, but to also account for what is relevant in the surrounding scene, regardless of whether the driver has looked there or not. In essence, the old approaches, unaware as they are of the larger context or motivation behind eye movements, have taken us as far as they can. We propose this more integrative approach to gain a better understanding of the complexity of drivers' informational needs and how they satisfy them in the moment.
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| 9. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Using smartphone logging to gain insight about phone use in traffic
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of mobile phone usage in traffic has been studied by road-side counting, naturalistic driving data, surveillance cameras, smartphone logging, and subjective estimates via surveys. Here, we describe a custom-made smartphone logging application along with suggestions on how future such applications should be designed. The developed application logs’ start and end times of all phone interactions (mobile phone applications, incoming/outgoing phone calls and text messages, audio output, and screen activations). In addition, all movements are automatically classified into transport, cycling, walking, running, or stationary. The capabilities of the approach are demonstrated in a pilot study with 143 participants. Examples of results that can be gained from smartphone logging include prevalence in different transportation modes (here found to be 12% while driving, 4% while cycling, and 7% while walking), which apps are being used (here found to be 19% navigation, 12% talking, 12% social media, and 10% games) and on which road types (rural, urban, highway etc.). Smartphone logging was found to be an insightful complement to the other methods for assessing phone use in traffic, especially since it allows the analyses of which apps are used and where they are used, split into transportation mode and road type, all at a relatively low cost.
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| 10. |
- Ait Ali, Abderrahman, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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A disaggregate bundle method for train timetabling problems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-9706 .- 2210-9714. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The train timetabling problem (TTP) consists of finding a feasible timetable for a number of trains which minimises some objective function, e.g., sum of running times or deviations from ideal departure times. One solution approach is to solve the dual problem of the TTP using so-called bundle methods. This paper presents a new bundle method that uses disaggregate data, as opposed to the standard bundle method which in a certain sense relies on aggregate data. We compare the disaggregate and aggregate methods on realistic train timetabling scenarios from the Iron Ore line in Northern Sweden. Numerical results indicate that the proposed disaggregate method reaches better solutions faster than the standard aggregate approach.
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