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Sökning: hsv:(NATURVETENSKAP) hsv:(Biologiska vetenskaper) > Konferensbidrag

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1.
  • Söderquist, Pär, et al. (författare)
  • Wild Mallards have more ”goose-like” bills than their ancestors
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 4th Pan-European Duck Symposium, Hangö, Finland, 7-11/4, 2015. ; , s. 38-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wild populations of the world’s most common dabbling duck, the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), run the risk of genetic introgression by farmed conspecifics released for hunting purposes. We tested whether bill morphology of free-living birds has changed since large-scale releases of farmed Mallards started. Three groups of Mallards from Sweden, Norway and Finland were compared: historical wild (before large-scale releases started), present-day wild, and present-day farmed. Higher density of bill lamellae was observed in historical wild Mallards (only males). Farmed Mallards had wider bills than present-day and historical wild ones. Present-day wild and farmed Mallards also had higher and shorter bills than historical wild Mallards. Present-day Mallards thus tend to have more ‘‘goose-like’’ bills (wider, higher, and shorter) than their ancestors. Our study suggests that surviving released Mallards affect morphological traits in wild population by introgression. We discuss how such anthropogenic impact may lead to a maladapted and genetically compromised wild Mallard population. Our study system has bearing on other taxa where large-scale releases of conspecifics with ‘alien genes’ may cause a cryptic invasive process that nevertheless has fitness consequences for individual birds.
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2.
  • Arzel, Céline, et al. (författare)
  • Are ducks able to adapt their migratory habits to environmental change?
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: The abstract book. ; , s. 25-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In order to predict waterfowl population changes due to variation in climate conditions, and habitat availability it is necessary to precisely understand the mechanisms driving their annual cycle. This is particularly challenging in migratory birds as they encounter a huge variety of habitats along their migratory routes, and different factors might affect their demographic parameters at different stages of their life-cycle. In this perspective spring migration stands out as a crucial period. During spring migration birds need both to complete their migration and to prepare for subsequent reproduction. An understanding of long-term factors influencing the timing of breeding in migratory birds is particularly important in order to predict how they might respond to future environmental changes. Anatidae are particularly interesting to study as they offer a wide variety of migratory strategies. We discuss some of the factors that are likely to affect individual choices and thus play a role in the evolution of migration. Based on long-term data sets, collected over 30 years, in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland, we also offer a first insight into the changes in their spring arrival and breeding success of ducks in relation to environmental conditions.
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3.
  • Arzel, Céline, et al. (författare)
  • Does changing spring phenology affect short and long distance migratory waterfowl similarly?
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: The abstract book. ; , s. 43-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Among waterfowl, most ducks may be considered income breeders due to their small body size and their limited capacity to store energy. Therefore limited access to resources on their breeding grounds is likely to affect their breeding schedule and potentially output. At northern latitudes, ice break up dictates the access to the breeding lakes. An early ice break up allows for early access to the breeding site and its feeding resources, and potentially leading to higher breeding output than after a late ice break up. Short distance migrants are thus more likely to adapt to ice break up conditions than long distance migrants which have to cope with weather conditions en route and local resource accessibility along the migratory path. Using 20 years of data on breeding phenology and success of 3 species of ducks differing in their migratory strategy - Teal Anas crecca, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos and Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula - in a watershed in Finland, we test the idea that variation in spring phenology affects the reproductive performance of duck species differently depending on their migration pattern.
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6.
  • Beery, Thomas, et al. (författare)
  • From environmental connectedness to sustainable futures : topophilia and human affiliation with nature
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Human Behaviour and Evolution Association Annual Conference, University of Helsinki, March 29-April 1, 2015. ; , s. 57-58
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study is to explore the co-evolutionary foundation for place-based human affiliation with nonhuman nature, and its potential to support sustainable development at the local level. In particular, we analyse the Topophilia Hypothesis, an expansion of the Biophilia Hypothesis which includes also non-living elements in the environment. Methods: The study represents a multidisciplinary conceptual analysis of how biological selection and cultural learning may have interacted during human evolution to promote adaptive mechanisms for human affiliation with nonhuman nature via specific place attachment. Results and Conclusions: The Biophilia Hypothesis has been one of the most important theories of human connectedness with nature, suggesting a genetically based inclination for human affiliation with the biological world. The Topophilia Hypothesis has extended the ideas of Biophilia to incorporate a broader conception of nonhuman nature and a co-evolutionary theory of genetic response and cultural learning. It also puts more emphasis on affiliation processes with the local environment. We propose that nurturing potential topophilic tendencies may be a useful method to promote sustainable development at the local level, and ultimately at the global level. Tendencies of local affiliation may also have implications for multifunctional landscape management, an important area within sustainability research, and we provide some examples of successful landscape management with a strong component of local engagement. Since human affiliation with nonhuman nature is considered an important dimension of environmental concern and support for pro-environmental attitudes, the Topophilia Hypothesis may provide a fruitful ground for a discourse within which scholars from many scientific fields, including human evolution and humanistic geography, can participate.
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7.
  • Champagnon, Jocelyn, et al. (författare)
  • Do stocking programs result in maladapted populations? : mallard bill morphology after 30 years of massive releases
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Abstracts. ; , s. 31-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Every year since the 1970s, several million captive Mallard have been released in Europe for hunting purposes. This may lead to a spread of unnatural phenotypes into the wild. Two widespread and common migratory ducks were studied: Mallard    Anas platyrhynchos and Teal A. crecca. Mallard is the only duck species for which large-scale stocking programs occur in the region, and Teal hence serves as a control. In a « before-after » design, we compared duck bill lamellar density over the last thirty years. Lamellar density in Mallard, but not Teal, decreased. The observed 10 % decrease occurred in the first (proximate) centimetre of the bill, the most crucial in terms of food filtration. We hypothesize the observed change in bill morphology was due to the propagation of captive Mallard into the wild: captive Mallard mainly eat large items, relaxing the natural selection pressure maintaining high lamellar density for sieving small preys in wild ducks.
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8.
  • Champagnon, Jocelyn, et al. (författare)
  • Survival probability and morphological adaptation of captive-reared Mallard Anasplatyrhynchos after release into the wild
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Abstracts. ; , s. 16-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Captive-reared animals released as part of reinforcement programmes are considered less likely to survive than their wild conspecifics. One of the possible causes for this is reduced digestion efficiency. We studied adaptation of the digestive system in Mallard, a species with high adaptability to its environment. Body condition and digestive organs were compared between three groups: captive-reared Mallards remaining in a game farm, captive-reared Mallards released into the wild as juveniles and wild Mallards. We also assessed difference in diet between released birds and wild birds, and conducted a one-year survival analysis of captive-reared birds released in a hunting-free area. Released Mallards had a smaller gizzard than wild birds, but there was no difference between captive-reared and wild Mallards in the size of others organs in the gastro-intestinal tract. Body condition of captive-reared Mallards was poorer than wild ones, and this was only partially improved after release. Survival probability of captive-reared Mallards was low, compared to documented survival of wild Mallards. In particular, high mortality occurred when additional food provisioning was stopped and during harsh winter periods. We argue that in spite of a viable digestive system, pre-release conditions experienced by captivereared ducks impeded restocking success. In the context of massive releases of this species for hunting purposes (several million birds per year in Europe), low survival due to a combination of high hunting pressure and poor condition could limit the number of farmed birds surviving to breed and thus limit introgression of "captive genes" into the wild population.
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10.
  • Davranche, Aurélie, et al. (författare)
  • Space based tools to monitor the habitats of migratory waterbirds
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: The abstract book. ; , s. 44-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Natural fluctuations in the availability of suitable habitat coupled with anthropogenic activities (hunting, agriculture, tourism, urbanism) and anticipated modifications due to climate change confront migratory waterbirds with a formidable challenge. Among them, dabbling ducks, greatly rely on local exogenous resources to fulfil their energy requirements. Habitat suitability along their flyway is of primary importance as any change might induce dramatic effects on individual survival and breeding success. Although, the monitoring of such sensitive flooded areas that are wetlands stopover sites is usually complex, space based techniques, with an exhaustive and systematic covering of the territory and a periodical data acquisition, can explore cost-efficiently the ecological conditions for migratory species in these environments. Hence, multiseason reflectance data from radiometrically and geometrically corrected multispectral SPOT-5 scenes, combined with thorough field campaigns and land cover digitizing using data mining, can provide robust tools for habitat monitoring and help the conservation of wetlands for migrants.
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