| 1. |
- Juhlin, C., et al.
(författare)
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Crustal reflectivity near the Archean-Proterozoic boundary in northern Sweden and implications for the tectonic evolution of the area
- 2002
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 150:1, s. 180-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sm–Nd isotope ratios of 1.9–1.8 Ga granitoids delineate the Archaean–Proterozoic boundary in northern Sweden, an important feature in the Fennoscandian Shield. The boundary strikes approximately WNW–ESE and is defined as a c. 20 km wide zone with juvenile Palaeoproterozoic rocks to the SSW and Archaean and Proterozoic rocks, derived to a large extent from Archaean sources, to the NNE. It therefore constitutes the strongly reworked margin of the old Archaean craton. Extrapolation of the boundary offshore into the Bothnian Bay and correlation with the marine reflection seismic BABEL Lines 2 and 3/4 indicates that the boundary dips to the south-southwest, consistent with interpretation of the Sm–Nd data. In order to tie the BABEL results with onshore surface geology and obtain detailed images of the uppermost crust a short (30 km of subsurface coverage) pilot profile was acquired in the Luleå area of northern Sweden during August 1999. The profile consisted of a high-resolution shallow component (1 kg shots) and a lower-resolution deep component (12 kg shots). Both components image most of the reflective crust, with the deep component providing a better image below 10 s. Comparison of signal penetration curves with data acquired over the Trans-Scandinavian Igneous Belt (a large batholith) indicate the transparent nature of the crust there to be caused by geological factors, not acquisition parameters. Lower crustal reflectivity patterns on the Luleå test profile are similar to those observed on the BABEL lines, suggesting the same lower crust onshore as offshore. Interpreted Archaean reflective upper crust in the NE extends below more transparent Proterozoic crust in the SW. This transparent crust contains a number of high-amplitude reflectors that may represent shear zones and/or mafic rock within granite intrusions. A marked boundary in the magnetic field in the SW has been interpreted as being the result of a gently west-dipping contact zone between meta-sediments and felsic volcanic rocks, however, the seismic data indicate a near-vertical structure in this area. By correlating the onshore and offshore seismic data we have better defined the location of the Archaean–Proterozoic boundary on the BABEL profiles. Our new interpretation of the crustal structure along the northern part of the BABEL Line 2 shows a more bi-vergent geometry than previous interpretations. Comparison of the re-interpreted crustal structure in northern Sweden with that found in the Middle Urals shows several similarities, in particular the accretion of a series of arcs to a stable craton. Based on this similarity and geological data, we deduce that a continental arc accreted to the southwestern margin of the Archaean craton at c. 1.87 Ga. Shortly thereafter, the Skellefte island arc underthrust the continental arc owing to a collision further to the southwest resulting in the bi-vergent crustal structure observed today.
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| 2. |
- Dehghannejad, Mahdieh, et al.
(författare)
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Reflection seismic imaging of the upper crust in the Kristineberg mining area, northern Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Geophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0926-9851 .- 1879-1859. ; 71:4, s. 125-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kristineberg mining area is located in the western part of the Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte Ore District, one of the most important mining districts in Europe. As a part of a 3D geologic modeling project, two new reflection seismic profiles were acquired with a total length of about 20 km. One profile (HR), parallel to previous seismic profiles, was acquired using a 10 m receiver and source interval and crosses the steeply dipping structures of the Kristineberg mine. The other profile (Profile 2) runs perpendicular to all existing profiles in the area. Although the structural geology is complex, the processed seismic data reveal a series of steeply dipping to sub-horizontal reflections, some of which reach the surface and allow correlation with surface geology. Our general interpretation of the seismic images is that the Kristineberg mine and associated mineral horizon are located in the northern part of a series of steeply south dipping structures. Overall, main structures plunge to the west at about 30 degrees-40 degrees. Cross-dip analysis and reflection modeling were carried out to obtain the 3D orientation of the main reflections and to provide insight into the possible contribution of out-of-the-plane reflections. This helped, for example, to obtain the 3D geometry of a deep reflection that was previously interpreted as structural basement to volcanic rocks. The new reflection seismic profiles have improved our understanding of shallow geological structures in the area and in conjunction with recently acquired potential field data, magnetotelluric data and geological observations will help to refine previous 3D geologic modeling interpretations that were aimed at larger scale structures.
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| 3. |
- Malehmir, Alireza, et al.
(författare)
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Regional structural profiles in the western part of the Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte Ore District, northern Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Precambrian Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-9268 .- 1872-7433. ; 159:1-2, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kristineberg mining area is situated in the western part of the Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte Ore District, northern Sweden, and is well known for its VHMS base-metal and gold deposits. This paper presents five upper crustal geological cross sections that have been constructed and mainly constrained by seismic reflection data, potential field modeling as well as geological field observations. These profiles are visualized in 3D to highlight the three dimensionality and internal consistency of structures across the region. The resulting structural model for the Skellefte volcanics and overlying metasediments comprises two thrust-sheets that expose the Skellefte volcanics in the cores of hanging-wall anticlinal structures. A shear-zone is imaged as a band of seismic reflectivity terminated by the southern Revsund granite unit. Another shear-zone, possibly a continuation of the Skellefte Shear Zone (SSZ) runs through the centre of the region and accounts for some of the structural complexity and shearing observed between the two anticlinal exposures of the volcanics. Additional smaller scale shear-zones have been identified from geological and geophysical mapping within the main structural blocks of the Skellefte volcanics. The Mala volcanic rocks in the north are separated from the Skellefte volcanics by a fault that cuts discordant to the strike of the Mala volcanics. A structural basement has been proposed to the Skellefte volcanics, constrained by seismic reflection data. Exposures of Bothnian Basin rocks south of the Revsund granite outcrops, suggest that the domain beneath the north dipping reflectivity is associated with Bothnian Basin stratigraphy. The preferred interpretation for the contact between the Skellefte volcanics and the Bothnian Basin rocks is a thrust fault that brings the felsic volcanic rocks over the metasedimentary domain. The Revsund granites are divided into two major groups based on their present day thickness and shapes. Although parts of the Viterliden intrusion are almost undeformed, it is cut by a series of shear-zones, causing the magnetic lineations seen within these rocks. The structural profiles presented demonstrate that the Kristineberg ore is situated in the northern limb of a local synformal structure. The new crustal-scale structural model demonstrates the potential of integrating geophysical and geological data when modelling structures hosting mineralization in a complex region like the Skellefte District. The structural profiles presented in this paper, have greatly improved our understanding of the 3D tectonostratigraphy and architecture of the poly-deformed ca. 1.9 Ga the Skellefte Ore District.
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| 4. |
- Malehmir, Alireza, et al.
(författare)
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Seismic imaging and potential field modeling to delineate structures hosting VHMS deposits in the Skellefte Ore District, northern Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Tectonophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1951 .- 1879-3266. ; 426:3-4, s. 319-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Skellefte District in northern Sweden is a roughly 150 by 50 km2 large early Proterozoic massive sulphide belt. Based on high-resolution reflection seismic data along two parallel seismic profiles, potential field modeling has been carried out and two geologic cross sections have been constructed that are consistent with the available geophysical data as well as surface geologic observations. The combined modelling suggests that the Kristineberg deposit occurs on the northern limb of a regional E–W striking syncline. The interpretations help to identify new prospective areas, both down-plunge from known ores, and on the ore-bearing horizon on the southern limb of the syncline. The new results suggest that the post-orogenic Revsund granites can be divided into two major types of intrusives, those which are intruded as domes/stokes with a maximum present day thickness of about 3–3.5 km and those which are intruded as thin sheets, with a maximum thickness of a few hundred meters. The margins of the intrusions are generally inclined inwards, suggesting that the current erosion level is near the middle, or toward the base, of the granites. The contact between the Skellefte volcanic rocks and the Bothnian Basin has been interpreted as a thrust fault. We also suggest that crustal thickening predates the Skellefte volcanism and that the interpreted Bothnian Basin rocks are either a structural basement or a separate terrane to the Skellefte volcanism. Diffraction patterns in the reflection seismic data can be interpreted as originating from either a mafic–ultramafic intrusion or a mineralization zone, similar to observations elsewhere in the world. The results obtained in this study have greatly improved our understanding of the tectonostratigraphic framework and architecture of the poly-deformed c. 1.9 Ga Skellefte VHMS belt and is a key step towards building a 3D geological model in the area.
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| 5. |
- Martinsson, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Metallogeny of the Northern Norrbotten Ore Province, northern Fennoscandian Shield with emphasis on IOCG and apatite-iron ore deposits
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ore Geology Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-1368 .- 1872-7360. ; 78, s. 447-492
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Northern Norrbotten Ore Province in northernmost Sweden includes the type localities for Kiruna-type apatite iron deposits and has been the focus for intense exploration and research related to Fe oxide-Cu-Au mineralisation during the last decades. Several different types of Fe-oxide and Cu-Au +/- Fe oxide mineralisation occur in the region and include: stratiform Cu +/- Zn +/- Pb +/- Fe oxide type, iron formations (including BIF's), Kiruna-type apatite iron ore, and epigenetic Cu +/- Au +/- Fe oxide type which may be further subdivided into different styles of mineralisation, some of them with typical IOCG (Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold) characteristics. Generally, the formation of Fe oxide +/- Cu +/- Au mineralisation is directly or indirectly dated'between-2.1 and 1.75 Ga, thus spanning about 350 m.y. of geological evolution. The current paper will present in more detail the characteristics of certain key deposits, and aims to put the global concepts of Fe-oxide Cu-Au mineralisation into a regional context. The focus will be on iron deposits and various types of deposits containing Fe-oxides and Cu-sulphides in different proportions which generally have some characteristics in common with the IOCG style. In particular, ore fluid characteristics (magmatic versus non magmatic) and new geochronological data are used to link the ore-forming processes with the overall crustal evolution to generate a metallogenetic model. Rift bounded shallow marine basins developed at similar to 2.1-2.0 Ga following a long period of extensional tectonics within the Greenstone-dominated, 2.5-2.0 Ga Karelian craton. The similar to 1.9-1.8 Ga Svecofennian Orogen is characterised by subduction and accretion from the southwest. An initial emplacement of calc-alkaline magmas into similar to 1.9 Ga continental arcs led to the formation of the Haparanda Suite and the Porphyrite Group volcanic rocks. Following this early stage of magmatic activity, and separated from it by the earliest deformation and metamorphism, more alkali-rich magmas of the Perthite Monzonite Suite and the Kiirunavaara Group volcanic rocks were formed at similar to 1.88 Ga. Subsequently, partial melting of the middle crust produced large volumes of similar to 1.85 and 1.8 Ga S-type granites in conjunction with subduction related A-/I-type magmatism and associated deformation and metamorphism. In our metallogenetic model the ore formation is considered to relate to the geological evolution as follows. Iron formations and a few stratiform sulphide deposits were deposited in relation to exhalative processes in rift bounded marine basins. The iron formations may be sub-divided into BIF-(banded iron formations) and Mg rich types, and at several locations these types grade into each other. There is no direct age evidence to constrain the deposition of iron formations, but stable isotope data and stratigraphic correlations suggest a formation within the 2.1-2.0 Ga age range. The major Kiruna-type ores formed from an iron-rich magma (generally with a hydrothermal over-print) and are restricted to areas occupied by volcanic rocks of the Kiirunavaara Group. It is suggested here that 1.89-1.88 Ga tholeiitic magmas underwent magma liquid immiscibility reactions during fractionation and interaction with crustal rocks, including metaevaporites, generating more felsic magmatic rocks and Kiruna-type iron deposits. A second generation of this ore type, with a minor economic importance, appears to have been formed about 100 Ma later. The epigenetic Cu-Au +/- Fe oxide mineralisation formed during two stages of the Svecofennian evolution in association with magmatic and metamorphic events and crustal scale shear zones. During the first stage of mineralisation, from 1.89-1.88 Ga, intrusion-related (porphyry style) mineralisation and Cu-Au deposits of IOCG affinity formed from magmatic-hydrothermal systems, whereas vein-style and shear zone deposits largely formed at c. 1.78 Ga. The large range of different Fe oxide and Cu-Au +/- Fe oxide deposits in Northern Norrbotten is associated with various alteration systems, involving e.g. scapolite, albite, K feldspar, biotite, carbonates, tourmaline and sericite. However, among the apatite iron ores and the epigenetic Cu-Au +/- Fe oxide deposits the character of mineralisation, type of ore- and alteration minerals and metal associations are partly controlled by stratigraphic position (i.e. depth of emplacement). Highly saline, NaCl + CaCl2 dominated fluids, commonly also including a CO2-rich population, appear to be a common characteristic feature irrespective of type and age of deposits. Thus, fluids with similar characteristics appear to have been active during quite different stages of the geological evolution. Ore fluids related to epigenetic Cu-Au Fe oxides display a trend with decreasing salinity, which probably was caused by mixing with meteoric water. Tentatively, this can be linked to different Cu-Au ore paragenesis, including an initial (magnetite)-pyrite-chalcopyrite stage, a main chalcopyrite stage, and a late bornite stage. Based on the anion composition and the Br/Cl ratio of ore related fluids bittern brines and metaevaporites (including scapolite) seem to be important sources to the high salinity hydrothermal systems generating most of the deposits in Norrbotten. Depending on local conditions and position in the crust these fluids generated a variety of Cu-Au deposits. These include typical IOCG-deposits (Fe-oxides and Cu-Au are part of the same process), IOCG of iron stone type (pre-existing Fe-oxide deposit with later addition of Cu-Au), IOCG of reduced type (lacking Fe-oxides due to local reducing conditions) and vein-style Cu-Au deposits. From a strict genetic point of view, IOCG deposits that formed from fluids of a mainly magmatic origin should be considered to be a different type than those deposits associated with mainly non-magmatic fluids. The former tend to overlap with porphyry systems, whereas those of a mainly non-magmatic origin overlap with sediment hosted Cu-deposits with respect to their origin and character of the ore fluids.
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| 6. |
- Tryggvason, Ari, et al.
(författare)
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Reflection seismic investigations in the western part of the paleoproterozoic VHMS-bearing Skellefte district, northern Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. - : Society of Economic Geologists. - 0361-0128 .- 1554-0774. ; 101:5, s. 1039-1054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Skellefte district forms part of the Svecofennian ca. 1.90 to 1.80 Ga, snpracrustal sequence and associated intrusive rocks in the northern part of Sweden. The western part of the Skellefte district, which is the most important metallogenic province in northern Sweden today, hosts major volcanic-hosted massive Sulfide (VHMS) deposits (e.g., the 23 million metric tons (Mt) Kristineberg Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au deposit). In order to obtain a better understanding of the VHMS ore potential at depth, new seismic reflection data were acquired along two parallel and 25-km-long profiles in the Kristineberg area in 2003. The data were collected with the purpose of obtaining high-resolution images of the top 10 kin of the crust and are presented here for the first time. Although the structural setting is very complex, the stacked sections reveal numerous reflections that can be correlated with surface geology. Visible on both profiles is a pronounced north-dipping hand of reflections marking a boundary between relatively transparent crust above and significantly more reflective crust beneath it. We interpret this reflective crust to represent a structural basement to the ore-bearing Skellefte Group, possibly constituting Bothnian basin metasedimentary rocks bordering the Skellefte district to the south. This new interpretation is important for the understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Skellefte district and for defining exploration strategies in the area. The seismic results suggest that the Kristineberg and Ravliden deposits occur on the northern limb of a kilometer-scale local second-order syncline within the hinge zone of a major antiform. Results from a profile located approximately 8 kin to the west of the Kristineberg mine indicate that the Revsund granitoid has a thickness of about 3 to 3.5 km. Ultramafic rocks are also imaged clearly Diffraction patterns and bright-spot reflectivity is interpreted as originating from either mafic to ultramafic intrusions ora mineralization zone at 3- to 5-km depth. These results help to identify new prospective areas and mineral potential, both downplunge from known ores and on the same stratigraphic horizon on the southern limb of the ore-bearing syncline. The seismic reflection profiling has been effective in imaging the major structures around the Kristineberg orebody, demonstrating that this technique can be used for delineating complex structures significant for mineral exploration.
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| 7. |
- Alakangas, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Norrbottens malm- och mineralresurs och dess potentiella betydelse för innovation, samhälle och miljö
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gruvindustrins betydelse för samhällsutveckling och infrastruktur i Sverige och inte minst i Norrbottens län är mycket stor. De geologiska förutsättningarna att hitta nya brytvärda förekomster i Norrbotten är goda. Länet är tillsammans med Västerbotten en av Europas viktigaste regioner för utvinning av metaller. Det syns också i den nyligen framtagna regionala mineralstrategin för Norrbotten och Västerbotten. Visionen för den regionala mineralstrategin: ”Genom långsiktigt hållbart nyttjande av Norrbottens och Västerbottens läns mineralresurser har ytterligare tillväxt skapats i regionen och hela Sverige. Vi har utvecklat och stärkt vår ställning som ledande gruv- och mineralnation.”Eftersom framtidspotentialen för gruvnäringen är mycket god men okunnigheten hos både allmänhet och beslutsfattare om näringens betydelse för innovation och samhällsutveckling är stor, kopplat med en utbredd oro för miljöpåverkan, måste dessa viktiga framtidsfrågor belysas. Med finansiering från Länsstyrelsen i Norrbotten bedrevs därför under första hälften av 2014 en förstudie som syftade till att sammanfatta kunskapsläget om framtidens gruvindustri i Norrbotten. Resultaten av förstudien redovisas i den här rapporten. En viktig slutsats är att det under nästa strukturfondsperiod (med start 2015) behövs ett framtidsinriktat forskningsprogram för att belysa de möjligheter som finns. Denna förstudie utgör grund för en kommande ansökan till strukturfonderna. Kompetensen som finns vid Luleå tekniska universitet, Sveriges centrum för gruvrelaterad forskning och utbildning, bör användas för att studera troliga framtidsmöjligheter och hur de ska kunna användas för att få en så positiv utveckling som möjligt för länet. Projektet bör innehålla följande tre huvudinriktningar, som naturligtvis hör ihop:Vilka malm- och mineralresurser finns det potential för i Norrbotten, och vilka kommer sannolikt att exploateras i framtiden?Vad kommer den exploateringen att ha för betydelse för innovation och samhällsutveckling?Vad kommer den exploateringen att få för miljöeffekter och hur ska man göra för att minska miljöbelastningen?En annan slutsats är att nedlagda gruvområden inte måste ses som förstörd natur. Betydande mervärden som gruvturism skulle kunna skapas om vilja, kreativitet och beslutsamhet finns. Detta är ett givet utvecklingsområde där småföretag och entreprenörer kan göra stor insats om de politiska och myndighetsmässiga förutsättningarna finns. Dessa aspekter skulle också kunna belysas i det föreslagna forskningsprogrammet eller i ett eget projekt.
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