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Sökning: hsv:(NATURVETENSKAP) hsv:(Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap) hsv:(Oceanografi hydrologi och vattenresurser) > Kylin Henrik

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1.
  • Bidleman, Terry, 1942-, et al. (författare)
  • A review of halogenated natural products in Arctic, Subarctic and Nordic ecosystems
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Emerging Contaminants. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6650 .- 2405-6642. ; 5, s. 89-115
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are organic compounds containing bromine, chlorine, iodine, andrarely fluorine. HNPs comprise many classes of compounds, ranging in complexity from halocarbons tohigher molecular weight compounds, which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition tohalogens. Many HNPs are biosynthesized by marine bacteria, macroalgae, phytoplankton, tunicates,corals, worms, sponges and other invertebrates. This paper reviews HNPs in Arctic, Subarctic and Nordicecosystems and is based on sections of Chapter 2.16 in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program(AMAP) assessment Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (AMAP, 2017) which deal with the highermolecular weight HNPs. Material is updated and expanded to include more Nordic examples. Much ofthe chapter is devoted to “bromophenolic” HNPs, viz bromophenols (BPs) and transformation productsbromoanisoles (BAs), hydroxylated and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs, MeO-BDEs) andpolybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), since these HNPs are most frequently reported. Othersdiscussed are 2,20-dimethoxy-3,30,5,50-tetrabromobiphenyl (2,20-dimethoxy-BB80), polyhalogenated 10-methyl-1,20-bipyrroles (PMBPs), polyhalogenated 1,10-dimethyl-2,20-bipyrroles (PDBPs), polyhalogenatedN-methylpyrroles (PMPs), polyhalogenated N-methylindoles (PMIs), bromoheptyl- and bromooctylpyrroles, (1R,2S,4R,5R,10E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(20-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane (mixed halogenated compound MHC-1), polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives(PBHDs) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs). Aspects of HNPs covered are physicochemicalproperties, sources and production, transformation processes, concentrations and trends in the physicalenvironment and biota (marine and freshwater). Toxic properties of some HNPs and a discussion of howclimate change might affect HNPs production and distribution are also included. The review concludeswith a summary of research needs to better understand the role of HNPs as “chemicals of emergingArctic concern”.
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2.
  • Bidleman, Terry, et al. (författare)
  • Chapter 2: Properties, sources, global fate and transport
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report III 2013. - Ottawa : Northern Contaminants Program, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. - 9781100546520 ; , s. 19-146
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Part II of the second Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report (CACAR-II) began with a section on “Physicochemical Properties of Persistent Organic Pollutants”, which identified key physicochemical (pchem) properties, provided the rationale for their measurement or prediction and tabulated literature citations for chemicals that are of concern to the NCP (Bidleman et al. 2003). The section also discussed temperature dependence of pchem properties and their applications to describing partitioning in the physical environment.There is, and will continue to be, emphasis on predictive approaches to screening chemicals for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxic (PB&T)properties, as well as long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) potential (Brown and Wania 2008, Czub et al. 2008, Fenner et al. 2005, Gouin andWania 2007, Howard and Muir 2010, Klasmeier et al. 2006, Matthies et al. 2009, Muir and Howard 2006). This has created the need for determining pchem properties of new and emerging chemicals of concern.Predicting gas exchange cycles of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and new and emerging chemicals of concern places a high demand on the accuracy of pchem properties, particularly the air/water partition coefficient, KAW. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in Arctic Ocean surface waters are close to air-water equilibrium, with excursions toward net volatilization or deposition that vary with location and season (Hargrave et al. 1993, Jantunen et al. 2008a, Lohmann et al. 2009, Su et al. 2006, Wong et al. 2011) while hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (Lohmann et al. 2009, Su et al. 2006, Wong et al. 2011) and some current use pesticides (CUPs) (Wong et al. 2011) are undergoing net deposition. The predicted Arctic Contamination Potential (ACP) for persistent organic chemicals is strongly influenced by ice cover due to its effect on air-water gas exchange (Meyer and Wania 2007).Many advances have taken place and numerous papers have been published since CACAR-II, which present new measurements and predictions of pchem properties. This section does not attempt to provide a comprehensive review of the field, or to compile pchem properties from the many studies. The approach taken is to highlight the reports which are most relevant to polar science, particularly in areas of improving reliability of pchem properties for POPs, improving experimental techniques and comparing predictive methods. The section ends with a discussion of polyparameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFERs), which goes beyond partitioning descriptions based on single pchem properties by taking into account specific chemical interactions that can take place in airsurface and water-surface exchange processes. A detailed list of chemical names and nomenclature are provided in the Glossary.
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3.
  • Kylin, Henrik, 1959-, et al. (författare)
  • Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pentachloroanisole (PCA)
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: AMAP Assessment 2016. - Oslo : AMAP - Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. - 9788279711049 ; , s. 205-211
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was first synthesized for use as a fungicide for wood protection in the 1930s. PCP affects most organisms by decoupling oxidative phosphorylation and other crucial biochemical functions (IPCS, 1987; UNEP, 2013e). As a result it has found a wide range of biocidal and pesticidal uses. Due to adverse environmental and health effects, restrictions  on the use of PCP were first imposed in the 1970s with total bans in effect in some countries by the 1980s (UNEP, 2013d). As of 2014, PCP was still in use in India, Canada and the USA (UNEP, 2014a). In May 2015, PCP was included in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention: calling for elimination, with a time-limited exemption for impregnation of utility poles and crossarms (UNEP, 2015a).
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5.
  • Bouwman, Hindrik, et al. (författare)
  • The flip-or-flop boutique: Marine debris on the shores of St Brandon’s Rock, an isolated tropical atoll in the Indian Ocean
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1136 .- 1879-0291. ; 114, s. 58-64
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Isolated coral atolls are not immune from marine debris accumulation. We identified Southeast Asia, the Indian sub-continent, and the countries on the Arabian Sea as most probable source areas of 50 000 items on the shores of St. Brandon’s Rock (SBR), Indian Ocean. 79% of the debris was plastics. Flip-flops, energy drink bottles, and compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) were notable item types. The density of debris (0.74 m-1 shore length) is comparable to similar islands but less than mainland sites. Intact CFLs suggests product-facilitated long-range transport of mercury. We suspect that aggregated marine debris, scavenged by the islands from currents and gyres, could re-concentrate pollutants. SBR islets accumulated debris types in different proportions suggesting that many factors act variably on different debris types. Regular cleaning of selected islets will take care of most of the accumulated debris and may improve the ecology and tourism potential. However, arrangements and logistics require more study.
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6.
  • Jantunen, Liisa, et al. (författare)
  • 20 Years of Air-Water Gas Exchange Observations for Pesticides in the Western Arctic Ocean
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 49:23, s. 13844-13852
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Arctic has been contaminated by legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and currently used pesticides (CUPs) through atmospheric transport and oceanic currents. Here we report the time trends and air−water exchange of OCPs and CUPs from research expeditions conducted between 1993 and 2013. Compounds determined in both air and water were trans- and cis-chlordanes (TC, CC), trans- and cis-nonachlors (TN, CN), heptachlor exo-epoxide (HEPX), dieldrin (DIEL), chlorobornanes (ΣCHBs and toxaphene), dacthal (DAC), endosulfans and metabolite endosulfan sulfate (ENDO-I, ENDO-II, and ENDO SUL), chlorothalonil (CHT), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and trifluralin (TFN). Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB and quintozene) and its soil metabolite pentachlorothianisole (PCTA) were also found in air. Concentrations of most OCPs declined in surface water, whereas some CUPs increased (ENDO-I, CHT, and TFN) or showed no significant change (CPF and DAC), and most compounds declined in air. Chlordane compound fractions TC/(TC + CC) and TC/(TC + CC + TN) decreased in water and air, while CC/(TC + CC + TN) increased. TN/(TC + CC + TN) also increased in air and slightly, but not significantly, in water. These changes suggest selective removal of more labile TC and/or a shift in chlordane sources. Water−air fugacity ratios indicated net volatilization (FR > 1.0) or near equilibrium (FR not significantly different from 1.0) for most OCPs but net deposition (FR < 1.0) for ΣCHBs. Net deposition was shown for ENDO-I on all expeditions, while the net exchange direction of other CUPs varied. Understanding the processes and current state of air−surface exchange helps to interpret environmental exposure and evaluate the effectiveness of international protocols and provides insights for the environmental fate of new and emerging chemicals.
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7.
  • Kylin, Henrik, et al. (författare)
  • Persistent organic pollutants in biota samples collectedduring the Ymer-80 expedition to the Arctic
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Polar Research. - : Norwegian Polar Institute. - 0800-0395 .- 1751-8369. ; 34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During the 1980 expedition to the Arctic with the icebreaker Ymer, a number of vertebrate species were sampled for determination of persistent organic pollutants. Samples of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus, n=34), glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus, n=8), common eider (Somateria mollissima, n=10), Brünnich’s guillemot (Uria lomvia, n=9), ringed seal (Pusa hispida, n=2) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus, n=2) were collected. With the exception of Brünnich’s guillemot, there was a marked contamination difference of birds from western as compared to eastern/northern Svalbard. Samples in the west contained a larger number of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and also polychlorinated terphenyls, indicating local sources. Brünnich’s guillemots had similar pollutant concentrations in the west and east/north; possibly younger birds were sampled in the west. In Arctic char, pollutant profiles from lake Linnévatn (n=5), the lake closest to the main economic activities in Svalbard, were similar to profiles in Arctic char from the Shetland Islands (n=5), but differed from lakes to the north and east in Svalbard (n=30). Arctic char samples had higher concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) than the marine species of birds and mammals, possibly due to accumulation via snowmelt. Compared to the Baltic Sea, comparable species collected in Svalbard had lower concentrations of PCB and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), but similar concentrations indicating long-range transport of hexachlorobenzene, HCHs and cyclodiene pesticides. In samples collected in Svalbard in 1971, the concentrations of PCB and DDT in Brünnich’s guillemot (n=7), glaucous gull (n=2) and polar bear (n=2) were similar to the concentrations found in 1980.
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8.
  • Abong'o, Deborah, et al. (författare)
  • Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in soil from the Nyando River catchment, Kenya
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Africa Journal of Physical Sciences. - 2313-3317. ; 2:1, s. 18-32
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Soil samples were collected from six locations representative of the Nyando River catchment area of the Lake Victoria over a period of two years. Sampling was done four times in the year in February, May, September and December 2005 and 2006 in farms where maize, tea, sugar cane, coffee, rice and vegetables have been grown over the years. This coincided with the effects of different seasons and farming activities on residue levels of the pesticides in use. The objective was to investigate levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides that have either been banned or are restricted for use in Kenya. Organochlorine pesticides investigated were DDT, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, endrin, endosulfan (both α- and β- isomers and endosulfan sulphate), the sum is called “total” or Σendosulfan and methoxychlor. Prior to the ban or restriction in use, these pesticides had found wide applications in public health for control of disease vectors and in agriculture for control of crop pests. The analysis revealed presence of all the targeted pesticides with the highest mean concentrations for methoxychlor 140 ± 1.5 μg/kg, Σendosulfan (30 ± 2.1 μg/kg), aldrin (18 ± 0.28 μg/kg), respectively. The results show the presence of these pesticides in soils in the basin and this could be impacting negatively on the ecosystem health of the area.
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9.
  • Haji, Mwura, et al. (författare)
  • Adsorption-desorption of chlorpyrifos in soilsand sediments from the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science. - : Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA). - 0856-860X .- 2683-6416. ; 19:1, s. 77-97
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Batch adsorption-desorption equilibrium techniques were used to investigate the adsorption capacity and influenceof salinity on partitioning of the insecticide chlorpyrifos between water and soil or water and sediments from theRufiji Delta. The data were fitted to different adsorption-desorption models and the hysteresis index was calculatedusing the ratio between the Freundlich exponents for desorption and adsorption, and secondly, the differencein area under the normalized adsorption and desorption isotherms using the maximum adsorbed and solutionconcentrations. The data showed non-linear adsorption and that chlorpyrifos was strongly adsorbed to soil andsediments from the Rufiji Delta. The linearized adsorption coefficient (KD) and Freundlich adsorption coefficient(Kf) correlated significantly with organic carbon content. Chlorpyrifos adsorption as well as hysteresis calculated byboth methods decreased with salinity (i.e. the sediment adsorbs increasing amounts of chlorpyrifos with decreasingsalinity). This indicates that settling of freshwater sediments is among the major removal pathways of the chemicalfrom the water column, but increased turbulence during high tides may resuspend settled sediment simultaneouslyincreasing salinity and re-dissolve chlorpyrifos. However, discharge of fresh water, particularly during heavy rains,increases the trapping efficiency of the sediments. The theoretical approach developed showed that the Langmuirmodel describes the desorption data better than the Freundlich model, and that a better index of hysteresis is onethat considers areas under the adsorption and desorption isotherms, provided the desorption isotherm is describedby the normalized Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption isotherm by the normalized Freundlich isotherm.
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10.
  • Uren, Ryan, et al. (författare)
  • Concentrations and relative compositions of metallic elements differ between predatory squid and filter-feeding sardine from the Indian and South Atlantic oceans
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Regional Studies in Marine Science. - Koenigstein, Germany : Koeltz Scientific Books. - 2352-4855. ; 35
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although metallic elements occur naturally, they can occur or accumulate in organisms at levels toxic to the organism and/or their consumers. Concentrations of twenty-nine metallic elements in muscle tissue from sardine Sardinops sagax and chokka squid Loligo reynaudii from South Atlantic and Indian Ocean waters off South Africa were established, for the first time, using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chokka showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of B, Cr, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, and Tl and significantly lower concentrations of V, Mn, Ti, and Mo compared to sardine. There were also significant differences in some metallic elements between the two oceans. Multivariate analyses indicated possible population structure of both species, suggesting that these analyses may be useful as a stock discrimination tool. Only two sardine samples contained quantifiable Hg. Based on South African estimated daily intake, total hazard quotient, and European Union limits for Hg, Cd, and Pb, we consider tissues from sardine and chokka in South African waters to be safe for human consumption.
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