| 1. |
- Karpestam, Peter, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Rural boys, urban girls? : The mystery of the diminishing urban-rural gender gap in Sweden
- 2021
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In: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 86, s. 282-297
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In Sweden, there have been a surplus of men in rural areas and a surplus of women in urban areas for decades. However, the relative difference between rural and urban areas have decreased for about 70 years between the 1930s and the new millennium. We use two approaches to understand the decreasing regional gender gaps: 1. we decompose regional gender balance changes into the main components of population growth/decline i.e international net migration, internal net migration and net births. 2. We employ individual register data, estimate multinomial regressions every year 1991–2016 and analyse how the relationship between gender and the probability of moving from rural areas develops over time. We estimate separate regressions for Swedish-born and foreign-born. After controlling for traditional explanatory variables, we interpret the dichotomous gender variable as a measure of “gender norms”. The question is if we can spot gender norm trends that can help explain the decreasing regional gender gaps over time. We find that the development of net birth rates in rural areas explains the decreased gender gap between rural and urban areas since 1968 while net immigration and net internal migration have rather contributed to increasing regional gender gaps. Despite this, the multinomial regressions do not support changing relationships between gender and the probability to out-migrate from rural areas after 1990 for the Swedish-born. For foreign-born, we find evidence of decreased gender differences regarding the probability to leave rural areas. This contributes to an increased surplus of rural men because foreign-born men have an increased probability to stay in rural municipalities in comparison to women. In sum, we do not find that changing gender norms, for Swedish-born or foreign-born, can explain the decreasing gender gaps between rural and urban areas. In fact, for the foreign-born, we find the opposite.
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| 2. |
- Bejaković, Predrag, et al.
(author)
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Platform Work as an Important New Form of Labour in Croatia
- 2021
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In: Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business. - : Sciendo. - 1331-5609 .- 1849-1162. ; 24:2, s. 159-171
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recently, developments in digital technology have fuelled the emergence of online platforms that match the supply and demand of goods and services. In most European countries, platform work is still small, but it is strongly and rapidly developing. The types of work offered through platforms are ever-increasing, as are the challenges for existing regulatory frameworks. However, we still know very little about platform work, and there is a lack of understanding of the challenges regarding the working conditions and social protection of platform workers. Employers’ and employees’ organizations so far have no sharp solutions, and the Croatian government seems to prioritize other political issues. Although stakeholders are usually informed, the discussion about regulating platform employment and its possible widespread persistence has not started yet in the majority of EU countries. Particular attention in this paper is dedicated to the situation and determinants of platform work in Croatia.
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| 3. |
- Gladoic Håkansson, Peter, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Croatia
- 2022. - 1
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In: The Routledge Companion to International Housing Markets. - London : Routledge. - 9781003130383 ; , s. 94-102
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From 2012 to 2017, around 540,000 transactions were realized on the real estate market in Croatia, with the sale of real estate as the most common transaction from 2012 to 2017. In terms of apartment prices, Croatia is divided into three geographic areas: the Adriatic, the continental part, and the city of Zagreb. In the real estate market in 2019, around 112,000 transactions were realized, which, when compared with 2018, represents a growth of 6.5%. The real estate market in Croatia is regulated by four basic laws and two ordinances. The Law on Ownership and Other Real Rights. Croatia faces a number of challenges when it comes to the real estate market. Transaction costs are essential, and these costs affect the real estate market and slow down mobility, which, in turn, affect the efficiency of the economy as a whole.
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| 4. |
- Håkansson, Peter Gladoic, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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A Theoretical Framework for Housing Conveyances on National Markets
- 2022
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In: The Routledge Companion to International Housing Markets. - London : Routledge. - 9781003130383
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As the property market becomes more global, so too have certain differences between national property markets become apparent. The role of institutions has long been acknowledged within economic theory. It is safe to say that today there is a joint view among most institutionalists that institutions can be divided into those that are formal (laws, rules, etc.) and those that are informal (norms, religion, etc.). Institutions derive from historical heritage and are encapsulated and coded with information of past experiences and therefore are historically context specific. Transaction cost theory highlights how exchange is accompanied by several different costs. In conclusion, institutions involving both formal and informal activities surround the property market. However, the formal aspect of institutions is particularly important for property conveyances, as homes to a large extent have been transformed into economic concepts.
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| 5. |
- Håkansson, Peter Gladoic, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Labour market resilience, bottlenecks and spatial mobility in Croatia
- 2020
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In: Eastern Journal of European Studies. - : Centre for European Studies within Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași. - 2068-651X .- 2068-6633. ; 11:2, s. 5-25
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- After the Great Recession, unemployment rose quickly. During 2013–2014, Croatia noticed unemployment rates above 17%, which were way over the EU 28 average. Today, Croatia instead experiences bottlenecks on the labour market: Job vacancies are increasingly lacking suitable skilled candidates. Thus, the Croatian labour market adapts badly to both recession and to a booming economy; namely, the Croatian labour market has low resilience. An economy with high labour market resilience can benefit from a booming economy, while an economy with the opposite faces wage inflation and loss of competitiveness. This article aims to analyse and discuss the role of labour mobility in reducing labour market bottlenecks and thereby increasing labour market resilience in Croatia. The method is tentative, and we use secondary, national, and international data and previous studies and findings. As we will show, the government has acknowledged skill shortages, and there are some (minor) reforms dealing with them. However, the connection between spatial mobility and labour market resilience in Croatia has not been noticed. Herein lies the novelty of this article. In this study, we find that Croatia has very low residential mobility, which we believe explains Croatia’s low labour market resilience. Croatia’s low mobility can be explained by tradition as well as by high transaction costs of moving. Our policy recommendations are (1) to lower transaction costs and simplify the moving process and (2) to increase occupational mobility through lifelong education and adult learning.
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| 6. |
- Håkansson, Peter Gladoic, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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The double-edged sword of the tourism economy : mobility and the quality of life on the croatian islands
- 2023
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In: Preserving, evaluating and developing the Mediterranean. - : Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, VERN’ University. - 9789538404207 ; , s. 123-130
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many island municipalities depend upon the tourist industry, but this industry can be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it provides a source of income to people in the region, using the natural resources they have. On the other hand, the low-skill services that are connected to tourism have low wages and productivity, and the possibilities of productivity increases are low. This article aimed to analyse the possibilities for economic development in the Croatian islands, using a conceptual model inspired by Harris and Todaro’s theoretical outline (Harris & Todaro, 1970; Todaro, 1969). We analysed 18 municipalities located on the islands. The conceptual model classified municipalities by three criteria: unemployment rate, employment growth, and wage. We found 18 island municipalities that have low unemployment, high employment growth, but still low wages, which is a contradiction in neo-classical economic theory. However, it can be explained by the existence of amenities and the tourist industry being low-skilled and therefore having a low wage level. We used population data to analyse demographic trends and the propensity to move from these municipalities. Regardless of the high quality of life on islands, employment possibilities are very limited, particularly for persons with tertiary educational attainment. Therefore, in the past, people born on islands have had to seek education and employment on the mainland. However, telework and digital nomadism have dramatically changed the situation. With digitalisation and flexible work, there are new possibilities for the islands to attract people to both work and spend leisure time. This has led to a number of issues, not least the question of taxation.
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| 7. |
- Håkansson, Peter Gladoic, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Running out of time : Using job ads to analyse the demand for messengers in the twentieth century
- 2022
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In: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; , s. 1-20
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Youth labour remained important well into the twentieth century, although it is often elusive in traditional sources. In this article, we investigate messengers – a category of occupational titles, including errand and office boys, which is thought of as youth jobs. We sketch the long-term development of the occupation by making use of digitised Swedish daily newspapers and discuss demand-side, supply-side and institutional factors for the disappearance of the occupation. Our investigation suggests that the messenger jobs reached their peak around 1945 and thereafter decreased to low levels in the 1960s. We find that employers looking for messengers were large organisations that needed in-house help with deliveries and simple office tasks. These employers originally aimed at young men aged 15–17 years. The minimum age requirement was not loosened over time; instead, employers began to announce for older workers. We interpret this as employers’ adapting to a situation where the supply of young messengers had decreased. Employers made their ads appealing by emphasising good working conditions and career prospects, indicating that there was still a demand for messengers despite the changing times.
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| 8. |
- Brunnström, Pål, Doktor, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Migration and housing regimes in Sweden 1739–1982
- 2021
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In: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Routledge. - 0346-8755 .- 1502-7716. ; 46:3, s. 353-382
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article aims to analyse the changes in migration regimes in Sweden over the period 1739–1982. We have chosen to divide this into four periods where each is characterized as a specific regime: the pre-industrial period (1739–1860), the laissez faire period (1860–1932), the rising ambitions period (1932–1951) and the Rehn-Meidner period (1951–1982). These four periods reveal different approaches held by the state regarding labour migration and housing. During the pre-industrial period, rules and regulations hindered mobility and aimed to keep the labour force in agriculture. During the laissez faire period, migration increased, but construction and housing was largely left to the market. During the rising ambitions period, a laissez faire approach was maintained towards migration, but both the government and non-profit organizations became increasingly involved in housing. During the Rehn-Meidner period, internal migration was stimulated, and in the course of ten years, one million homes were built with government support. The differences between the periods are not clear-cut. There were dual and contradictory ideas and policies during each period. This duality provides an important theoretical starting point for this study. Other significant starting points are the long-term perspective taken and the idea that these periods can be analysed as regimes.
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| 9. |
- Håkansson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Getting a job when times are bad : recruitment practices in Sweden before, during and after the Great Recession
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Routledge. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 67:2, s. 132-153
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research on recruitment shows that networks matter and are effective as search channels. The aim of this article is to analyse how recruitment practices varies over time, and specifically, how it has varied before, during, and after the Great Recession 2008–2009. The findings are that recruitment practices change both in the short term, in relation to labour supply, which we can call a cyclical effect, but also in accordance to a long-term, structural effects. Informal recruitment practices, such as recruitment through ‘friends and acquaintances’ and ‘employer made contact’, seem to increase during bad times. In the long run, the recruitment practices ‘direct application’, ‘friends and acquaintances’ and ‘formal private’ increase in relation to recruitment through the Swedish Public Employment Agency (SPEA). A reason for this may be that the labour market in the new knowledge economy demands a heterogenic workforce with high demands on non-cognitive skills and customisation. Here the new network recruitment practices seem to fit in.
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| 10. |
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