| 1. |
- Karlsson, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
-
Risk Preferences and Gender Differences in Union Membership in Late Nineteenth-Century Swedish Manufacturing
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Feminist Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-5701 .- 1466-4372. ; 24:1, s. 114-141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Women are generally seen as less inclined to join trade unions. This study matches firm–worker data from the Swedish cigar and printing industries around 1900 and examines information on men and women holding the same jobs; such data are rare but important for understanding gender gaps. The results explain the gender gap in union membership among compositors, but not among cigar workers. Differences in union membership varied considerably across firms, with the largest differences found in low-union-density cigar firms where indirect costs (that is, uncertainty and risk) accrued in particular to women workers. The lack of gender differences in mutual aid membership indicates that women were not hard to organize but avoided organizations associated with greater risk for employer retaliation and uncertain returns according to a cost–benefit analysis.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Bergvall, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Documenting Determinants of the Divorce Transition. Micro-Level Evidence from Sweden 1905–1967
- 2022
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Divorce increased dramatically during the twentieth century across the western world. There is surprisingly little research on the determinants of divorce during this transition. We investigate micro-level sociodemographic determinants of divorce in Sweden 1922–1967 using longitudinal data at individual and household level from southern Sweden, focusing on the associations between divorce and women’s economic independence, household socioeconomic status (SES), and the presence of children in the household. Results suggest that greater equality along class and gender lines changed the returns to marriage and enabled more people to divorce. Thus, divorce risks increased though divorce was still a rare event. Already in a low divorce context, women’s economic independence was positively related to divorce and this relationship became stronger over time. As for household SES, a negative gradient in divorce risks emerged as divorce spread to the broader layers of the population. Like today, the presence of dependent children in the household was associated with lower divorce risks. We can document that the primary explanations of divorce in modern contexts are also valid for historical divorce. Women’s economic independence was key to the divorce transition although their economic roles were much different from men’s during this period.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bergvall, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Documenting Determinants of the Divorce Transition. Micro-Level Evidence from Sweden 1905–1967
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Divorce increased dramatically during the twentieth century across the western world. There is surprisingly little research on the determinants of divorce during this transition. We investigate micro-level sociodemographic determinants of divorce in Sweden 1922–1967 using longitudinal data at individual and household level from southern Sweden, focusing on the associations between divorce and women’s economic independence, household socioeconomic status (SES), and the presence of children in the household. Results suggest that greater equality along class and gender lines changed the returns to marriage and enabled more people to divorce. Thus, divorce risks increased though divorce was still a rare event. Already in a low divorce context, women’s economic independence was positively related to divorce and this relationship became stronger over time. As for household SES, a negative gradient in divorce risks emerged as divorce spread to the broader layers of the population. Like today, the presence of dependent children in the household was associated with lower divorce risks. We can document that the primary explanations of divorce in modern contexts are also valid for historical divorce. Women’s economic independence was key to the divorce transition although their economic roles were much different from men’s during this period.
|
|
| 5. |
- Bergvall, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce in Sweden, 1905-2015
- 2022
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many studies demonstrate an intergenerational transmission of divorce (ITD). Most research is, however, limited to modern periods (i.e., more recent decades) and little is known about whether this relationship is deeply rooted or whether it has changed over time. Explanations, including sociodemographic and interpersonal factors, have been offered as links between parental divorce and offspring’s marriage stability. We use individual-level longitudinal data to estimate the ITD among first marriages in Sweden in 1905–2015. We investigate the association between parental divorce and own divorce during the transition from a low to a high divorce regime. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, we find stability in ITD over time, and see that divorce risks are highest when either the wife or both spouses have experienced parental divorce. The transmission has been stronger and more stable for women than for men over time. Results from a period spanning more than a century indicate that ITD is part of the transition from low to high divorce rates and highlight the role of female independence in this process.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bergvall, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce in Sweden, 1905–2015
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many studies demonstrate an intergenerational transmission of divorce (ITD). Most research is, however, limited to modern periods (i.e., more recent decades) and little is known about whether this relationship is deeply rooted or whether it has changed over time. Explanations, including sociodemographic and interpersonal factors, have been offered as links between parental divorce and offspring’s marriage stability. We use individual-level longitudinal data to estimate the ITD among first marriages in Sweden in 1905–2015. We investigate the association between parental divorce and own divorce during the transition from a low to a high divorce regime. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, we find stability in ITD over time, and see that divorce risks are highest when either the wife or both spouses have experienced parental divorce. The transmission has been stronger and more stable for women than for men over time. Results from a period spanning more than a centuryindicate that ITD is part of the transition from low to high divorce rates and highlight the role of female independence in this process.
|
|
| 7. |
- Brea Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
-
The changing price of poverty: The association between childhood poverty and adult economic status in Sweden 1930 to 2015
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Being poor during childhood increases the likelihood of being poor as an adult, which points to an intergenerational transmission of poverty. We know much more about this transmission for contemporary contexts than for the past, as extant research primarily covers the post-1960 period, and thus provides limited insights into the changing influence of poverty as societies modernize and welfare states develop. In this study, we analyze the association between childhood poverty and economic outcomes in adulthood for men and women who grew up in Southern Sweden between the 1930s and the early 1970s and who were followed to adulthood regardless of where in Sweden they resided (N=304,000). Our preliminary results show persisting impacts of childhood poverty for both men and women, although the impact for women tapers off over time. We show that the mediation effect of education is key to understand the long-term poverty impacts, from a gender perspective.
|
|
| 8. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
-
The price of poverty: The association between childhood poverty and adult income and education in Sweden, 1947–2015
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 76:4, s. 1281-1304
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood poverty increases the likelihood of being poor as an adult. We know relatively little about this persistence of poverty in the past and whether it changed as modern welfare societies developed. This study both analyses determinants of childhood poverty and assesses the association between childhood poverty and economic outcomes in adulthood for men and women who grew up in southern Sweden, and who were followed to adulthood regardless of where in Sweden they resided. Poverty is measured in relative terms. Being raised by a single mother, foreign origin, and being raised in a context where the household head was not employed were important risk factors for childhood poverty. Growing up in relative poverty was in turn associated with low income and education in adulthood. Both the persistence and intensity of childhood poverty mattered, and so did the age during which poverty was experienced. Patterns were similar for men and women, and there was no consistent change over time as the Swedish welfare state expanded.
|
|
| 9. |
- Burnette, Joyce, et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding the gender gap further: The case of turn-of-the-century Swedish compositors.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Economic History. - 0022-0507. ; 80:1, s. 175-206
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To better understand the historical gender wage gap, we investigate the wages of Swedish compositors circa 1900 using a rich data set of matched employer-employee information with national coverage. In line with previous findings, women earned about 70 percent of men’s wages on average. Individual and job characteristics explain much of this shortfall. Firm characteristics or firm fixed effects, on average, explain 17 percent of the gap, though the firm mattered more for the gender gap in big cities than elsewhere. Sorting across firms is thus an important part of understanding historical gender wage gaps. While most studies conclude that a significant portion of the gender gap is unexplained, suggesting labor market discrimination, this may result from a lack of information on the distribution of men and women across firms.
|
|
| 10. |
- Clivemo, Hanne, et al.
(författare)
-
A tale of 24 counties? Regional variation in female labour force participation in Sweden, 1870-1950
- 2019
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Female labor force participation increased significantly during the 20thcentury, not least in Sweden. In this paper, we investigate the importance of economic, demographic and sociocultural factors in the initial increase and growth of female labor force participationover the course of industrializationusing county-level data and panel regressions.There were important spatial differences across counties in the growth of women’s employment outside the home1870-1950. We showthatstructural factors (e.g. economic conditions and demographic characteristics) are important in explaining level differences between counties in the development of female labor force participation, net of cultural factors and unionization. Economic conditions do not seem to be as important in explaining changes in female labor force participation within counties over time when cultural differences and differences in unionization are accounted for. Sociocultural aspects of modernization and unionization were very important inthe increase in female labor force participation, both across and within counties.We argue that culture as well as geography are important, yet commonly neglected, parts of both the industrialization story and of the narrative into which we fit the increase in women’s paid work outside the home.
|
|
