| 1. |
- Alm, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Capacity in municipalities : Infrastructures, maintenance debts and ways of overcoming a run-to-failure mentality
- 2021
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Ingår i: Local Economy. - : SAGE Publications. - 0269-0942 .- 1470-9325. ; 36:2, s. 81-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing maintenance debt of ageing and critical infrastructures in many municipalities in European welfare states. In this article, we use the multidimensional concept of local capacity as a point of departure to analyse how and in what ways Swedish municipalities work with the routine maintenance of infrastructures, including municipal road networks as well as water and sewage systems. For the road networks, maintenance is generally outsourced to contractors and there is also a large degree of tolerance for various standards on different road segments within and between the municipalities. Less used road segments are not as prioritised as those with heavy traffic. For the water and sewage systems, in-house technical capacity is needed as differences in water quality are not tolerated. Economies of scale mean that in-house capacity is translated into the creation of inter-municipal bodies. As different forms of capacities tend to reinforce each other, municipal capacity builds up over time in circular movements. These results add knowledge to current research by pointing to the ways municipalities are overcoming a run-to-failure mentality by building capacity to pay off the infrastructural maintenance debt.
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| 2. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air: A global review and taxonomy of policies, incentives and measures
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 16-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the various initiatives developed and implemented across the globe for the abatement of maritime air emissions. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an extensive survey of various sources was conducted, including the official reports of international and regional institutions, government policy documents, port authority websites, classification society pages, private firms’ sites and the academic literature. The initiatives were then categorized in accordance with the classification of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software to give some insight into their frequencies and the interrelationships between them. Findings – This exploratory review resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive global database of initiatives encouraged by the whole range of shipping stakeholders and decision-makers for the reduction of shipping air emissions. According to the findings, economic incentives that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices are the most commonly used initiative, followed by infrastructure investments and informative policies. Research limitations/implications – The results provide implications for further research that include an in-depth analysis of ports’ policies, as well as an evaluation of initiatives applied on a large scale to map their emissions reduction potential for shipping. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the identification and analysis of all the diverse initiatives implemented globally in a comprehensive way and its dealing with air pollution from shipping as a whole.
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| 3. |
- Lindé, Tobias, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the effects of Sweden's environmentally differentiated fairway dues
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 70, s. 77-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of a globally unique system of environmentally differentiated fairway dues.The evolution of the system and its effects are analyzed.Emissions reductions achieved and associated abatement costs are estimated.Costs and benefits for society are compared.Abatement costs for both SOx and NOx substantially lower than value to society.
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| 4. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the external costs of a modal shift from rail to sea : An application to Sweden's East coast container movements
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research. - : EDITORIAL BOARD EJTIR. - 1567-7133 .- 1567-7141. ; 19:1, s. 60-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes the comparative level of social and external costs if an existing transport chain is replaced by one that includes a greater use of shipping. The main objective of the paper is to assess, on the basis of changes in social and external cost, the potential effectiveness of policies which aim to promote a modal shift to shipping. The social and external costs of both options are evaluated, therefore, using both Sweden's national guidelines for cost-benefit analysis and the European guidelines. A secondary objective of the paper is to evaluate the sensitivity of outcomes to the methodology applied and the input values employed, as well as to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two CBA methodologies when applied to choices involving a shipping mode, The paper concludes that evaluation outcomes are highly sensitive to the choice of CBA methodology and the input values embedded therein. In addition, a number of shortcomings with the guidelines are identified, the most important of which are the need to: (1) have specific values for air pollution from ships; (2) incorporate a system for continuous updates of emission factors, given that vessel speeds vary over time and; (3) incorporate values for water pollution and its effects on the coast and sea bottom. For the Swedish guidelines specifically, there is a need to encompass a value for the scarcity of rail capacity.
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| 5. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the external costs of trailer transport : a comparison of sea and road
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Economics & Logistics. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 1479-2931 .- 1479-294X. ; 21:1, s. 61-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to deduce the comparative level of external costs per transported trailer within a context where an existing freight transport chain is replaced by one that includes greater use of shipping. Using both Sweden’s national guidelines for cost–benefit analysis (ASEK) and the European guidelines (Ricardo), the external costs of two alternative options are evaluated. The external costs for a road and shipping option are estimated to be lower than for the direct shipping option under Swedish guidelines, but higher under the European guidelines. However, the results favour the road and shipping option in preference to the direct shipping option under both Swedish and European guidelines when internalizing taxes and fees are accounted for. This is the case even where the shipping mode is compliant with the most stringent environmental regulations. The paper concludes that the evaluation system employed can have a fundamental impact on the outcome of a CBA and that the Swedish guidelines (ASEK) could by improved by incorporating specific values for air pollution from ships (particularly NOx emissions) and a system for regularly updating emission factors.
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| 6. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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How to achieve less emissions from freight transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 4-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the case of Sweden, this paper aims to determine how a range of different infrastructure fees and taxes influences modal split, port throughputs, air emissions, societal costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution, as well as logistics costs.The Swedish national freight model is used to simulate a range of different proposed infrastructure fees, one by one and in combination. The volume of emissions of CO2-equivalents, NOx, SOx and PM under the different scenarios is calculated in both volume and monetary terms, by applying national emission factors and EU values for external costs.Road user fees are calculated to have the largest impact on the modal split, GHG emissions and air pollution. The impact increases slightly when road user fees are combined with higher fees for sea and rail and/or gate fees in all Swedish ports. The imposition of gate fees over €30 per truck in all ports leads to shifts in cargo to land-based modes and to ports outside Sweden. The logistics costs in Sweden are found to be three to ten times higher than the benefits of reduced GHG emissions and air pollution, although other benefits to society need to be considered as well.The results can be used as basis for policy-making. They illustrate the environmental impacts of the fees and taxes one by one and in combination and to what extent these reinforce each other and should be co-ordinated.The outcomes are relevant to national and international policymakers and authorities, as well as port authorities, shippers and transport companies who need to determine unilateral strategies on how to reduce GHG emissions and air pollution, without undermining their wider business objectives.
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| 7. |
- Bhatti, Harrison John, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Business Model Innovation Approach for Commercializing Smart Grid Systems
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Journal of Industrial and Business Management. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2164-5167 .- 2164-5175. ; 8:9, s. 2007-2051
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate the reasons for shifting from the old to the new energy system, the impact of this disruptive technology on energy providing firms, the demand for the new business model and the approach of the new business model in terms of creating and capturing values published peer-reviewed articles, and international energy agency reports have been reviewed. This paper encourages energy providing firms to redesign business models for commercializing new energy distribution system and to offer new services to the energy consumers for their future survival in the new trends of the energy market. These services include integrating with renewable energy sources, electric vehicle services, and demand response services to create more value for the consumers and in return gains more profit for each actor.The services provided through integration of renewable energy with smart grid and the electric vehicle will empower consumers involvement in the electricity system which will give them more control over electricity. CO2 production will be reduced, helping to create a clean environment and will enable operators to improve grid security and network stability. Finally, demand response services will provide multiple electricity package options to the consumers in which they can select an appropriate package according to their need which will give them more control over their electricity bill. System operators can optimize their grid operations to provide better power quality, and service providers can increase their income by offering additional services.
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| 8. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration, productivity and the role of transport system improvements
- 2019
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Ingår i: Economics of Transportation. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2212-0122 .- 2212-0130. ; 18, s. 27-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore how transport improvements impact agglomeration defined as accessibility and thereby productivity in mid-Sweden including Stockholm 1995–2006. We apply an accessibility index derived from a multi-modal transport model. This is a more accurate measure of agglomeration than those previously used and also necessary for understanding how governments can impact agglomeration, and thereby productivity, by transport investments. We regress temporal changes in wages on temporal changes in agglomeration by applying a FE estimator. We deal with the potential endogeneity using a novel instrumental variable. Our best estimates of the agglomeration elasticity on productivity lie within the interval 0.028–0.035.
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| 9. |
- Camén, Carolina, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Flexibility in contract design - is that possible?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public procurement is widely used in order to incorporate competition into public services. Competition in procurement often leads to efficiency but the process can also raise some problems. While providing the procurement documents you do not know who will be your upcoming partner. Another aspect is how flexibility can be managed in contract design while maintaining a high service quality. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, the aim is to investigate how flexibility has been expressed and historically described in bus tendering documents. Secondly, to explore how the actors define or describe flexibility and its importance in tendering. Data was collected from ten years of tendering documents in the bus sector in Sweden and from interviews and a workshop. The results showed that flexibility in tendering documents has been and still is low for the operators. However, the actors wish for more flexibility and new forms of contracts can make it easier to include higher degrees of flexibility in future contracts. The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about how to design contracts and to manage flexibility. The study has potential to create knowledge and contribute to better decision making for future procurement of bus transport.
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| 10. |
- Cosmas, Nwedeh Chukwuemeka, et al.
(författare)
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An econometric analysis of the macroeconomic determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in Nigeria
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 675, s. 313-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined an econometric analysis of the macroeconomic determinants of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Nigeria, covering the periods between 1981 and 2016, employing both linear and non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL & NARDL) models. The time series data used were sourced from the database of the World Bank Development Indicators, 2016 and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2017 edition. The main macroeconomic variables driving CO2 emissions in Nigeria were considered. The time series properties of the data were examined using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root tests for stationarity, and it was found that all the variables were first differenced stationary, except financial development and population density that were stationary at the level form. The finding from environment-economic relationship refutes the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and found N-shaped relationship in Nigeria. Overall changes in GDP per capita showed strong magnitudes of impacts on CO2 emission and GDP per capita bi-directionally granger caused energy consumption, which reversely caused increase in CO2 emission. Trend analyses revealed that emission fell from 0.64 metric tons between 2005 and 2010 to 0.52 metric tons between 2011 and 2016. Based on these results, a concerted effort of Ministry of finance in partnership with the ministry of environment in strengthening green bond issuance, subsidies and incentives to encourage the competitiveness of renewable energy technologies is paramount. The government must also initiate carbon tax for polluting industries and increase energy supply to stimulate industrial production since increase in energy consumption exhibited negative relationship with CO2 emissions.
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