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- Holmberg, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Animated adverts impair children’s online reading and text comprehension
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 8:4, s. 98-98
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we examined the effects of animated adverts on children’s online reading. We conducted an eye-tracking experiment with authentic web pages to assess whether (1) advert animation primarily affects overt visual attention, or (2) animated adverts primarily affect text comprehension, or (3) both eye movements and comprehension are affected. 59 children in third grade (9-year-olds) participated in the study. The stimulus material con- sisted of 6 factual texts that were presented on a news website. Online banner adverts were presented in a column on the right side of the texts. The adverts were presented in two conditions: static and animated. After reading each text the children provided answers to multiple choice comprehension questions. The results showed that advert animation af- fected several text processing measures, such as fixation duration and regressive saccades. This effect was stronger among children with poor gaze control (as measured with an anti- saccade task). More importantly, however, the present study showed that animated adverts had a significant negative effect on children’s text comprehension. The study discusses how these findings could be used to regulate commercial content on children’s websites. Also, suggestions for using individual differences in eye movement measures to predict reading comprehension are explored.
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| 2. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Fit-for-duty test for estimation of drivers sleepiness level: Eye movements improve the sleep/wake predictor
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part C. - : Elsevier. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 26, s. 20-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver sleepiness contributes to a considerable proportion of road accidents, and a fit-for-duty test able to measure a drivers sleepiness level might improve traffic safety. The aim of this study was to develop a fit-for-duty test based on eye movement measurements and on the sleep/wake predictor model (SWP, which predicts the sleepiness level) and evaluate the ability to predict severe sleepiness during real road driving. Twenty-four drivers participated in an experimental study which took place partly in the laboratory, where the fit-for-duty data were acquired, and partly on the road, where the drivers sleepiness was assessed. A series of four measurements were conducted over a 24-h period during different stages of sleepiness. Two separate analyses were performed; a variance analysis and a feature selection followed by classification analysis. In the first analysis it was found that the SWP and several eye movement features involving anti-saccades, pro-saccades, smooth pursuit, pupillometry and fixation stability varied significantly with different stages of sleep deprivation. In the second analysis, a feature set was determined based on floating forward selection. The correlation coefficient between a linear combination of the acquired features and subjective sleepiness (Karolinska sleepiness scale, KSS) was found to be R = 0.73 and the correct classification rate of drivers who reached high levels of sleepiness (KSS andgt;= 8) in the subsequent driving session was 82.4% (sensitivity = 80.0%, specificity = 84.2% and AUC = 0.86). Future improvements of a fit-for-duty test should focus on how to account for individual differences and situational/contextual factors in the test, and whether it is possible to maintain high sensitive/specificity with a shorter test that can be used in a real-life environment, e.g. on professional drivers.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Sampling frequency and eye-tracking measures : how speed affects durations, latencies, and more
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 3:3:6, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use simulations to investigate the effect of sampling frequency on common dependent variables in eye-tracking. We identify two large groups of measures that behave differently, but consistently. The effect of sampling frequency on these two groups of measures are explored and simulations are performed to estimate how much data are required to overcome the uncertainty of a limited sampling frequency. Both simulated and real data are used to estimate the temporal uncertainty of data produced by low sampling frequencies. The aim is to provide easy-to-use heuristics for researchers using eye-tracking. For example, we show how to compensate the uncertainty of a low sampling frequency with more data and post-experiment adjustments of measures. These findings have implications primarily for researchers using naturalistic setups where sampling frequencies typically are low.
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| 8. |
- Andra, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Reading mathematics representations: an eye-tracking study
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1571-0068 .- 1573-1774. ; 13:2, s. 237-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use eye tracking as a method to examine how different mathematical representations of the same mathematical object are attended to by students. The results of this study show that there is a meaningful difference in the eye movements between formulas and graphs. This difference can be understood in terms of the cultural and social shaping of human perception, as well as in terms of differences between the symbolic and graphical registers.
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| 10. |
- Balslev, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Visual Expertise In Paediatric Neurology
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-3798. ; 16, s. 161-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Visual expertise relies on perceptive as well as cognitive processes. At present, knowledge of these processes when diagnosing clinical cases mainly stems from studies with still pictures. Patient video cases constitute a dynamic and authentic, diagnostic challenge that may simulate seeing and diagnosing a patient in person. This study investigates visual attention and the concomitant cognitive processes of clinicians diagnosing authentic pediatric video cases. Methods A total of 43 clinicians with varying levels of expertise took part in this cross-sectional study. They diagnosed four brief video recordings of children: two with seizures and two with disorders imitating seizures. We used eye tracking to investigate time looking at relevant areas in the video cases and a concurrent think-aloud procedure to explore the associated clinical reasoning processes. Results More experienced clinicians were more accurate in visual diagnosis and spent more of their time looking at relevant areas. At the same time, they explored data less, yet they built and evaluated more diagnostic hypotheses. Interpretation This study adds a new perspective on medical expertise. More experienced clinicians (experts) focus better on relevant areas allowing them to explore data less and at the same time to build and evaluate more diagnostic hypotheses. The combination of effective visual search and the ability to effectively monitor for and evaluate different diagnostic options seems to characterize the experts in visual domains.
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