| 1. |
- Karyotaki, Eirini, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression : A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Meta-analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association. - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 78:4, s. 361-371
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE: Personalized treatment choices would increase the effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression to the extent that patients differ in interventions that better suit them.OBJECTIVE: To provide personalized estimates of short-term and long-term relative efficacy of guided and unguided iCBT for depression using patient-level information.DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up to January 1, 2019.STUDY SELECTION: Eligible RCTs were those comparing guided or unguided iCBT against each other or against any control intervention in individuals with depression. Available individual patient data (IPD) was collected from all eligible studies. Depression symptom severity was assessed after treatment, 6 months, and 12 months after randomization.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We conducted a systematic review and IPD network meta-analysis and estimated relative treatment effect sizes across different patient characteristics through IPD network meta-regression.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores.RESULTS: Of 42 eligible RCTs, 39 studies comprising 9751 participants with depression contributed IPD to the IPD network meta-analysis, of which 8107 IPD were synthesized. Overall, both guided and unguided iCBT were associated with more effectiveness as measured by PHQ-9 scores than control treatments over the short term and the long term. Guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT (mean difference [MD] in posttreatment PHQ-9 scores, -0.8; 95% CI, -1.4 to -0.2), but we found no evidence of a difference at 6 or 12 months following randomization. Baseline depression was found to be the most important modifier of the relative association for efficacy of guided vs unguided iCBT. Differences between unguided and guided iCBT in people with baseline symptoms of subthreshold depression (PHQ-9 scores 5-9) were small, while guided iCBT was associated with overall better outcomes in patients with baseline PHQ-9 greater than 9.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this network meta-analysis with IPD, guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT for individuals with depression, benefits were more substantial in individuals with moderate to severe depression. Unguided iCBT was associated with similar effectiveness among individuals with symptoms of mild/subthreshold depression. Personalized treatment selection is entirely possible and necessary to ensure the best allocation of treatment resources for depression.
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| 2. |
- Hassing, Linda, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Åldrande och kognition
- 2005
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Ingår i: Nordisk Psykologi. ; 57, s. 4-20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an overview of cognitive aging research with focus on normal aging. Results from longitudinal studies have revealed that cognitive abilities are more stable than early findings from cross-sectional studies indicated. It is also clear that crystallized abilities, such as knowledge, vocabulary, and verbal abilities are mostly stable or even may show an improvement across the adult life-span, whereas fluid abilities such as speed, executive function, working memory, and episodic memory are negatively affected in aging. Although fluid cognitive abilities tend to decline with age crystallized abilities can provide cognitive support and in this respect compensate deficits in everyday problem solving. Much research has been conducted in the last decades to identify factors that contribute to cognitive aging. It is well established that genetic, health-related (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, homocysteine, and vitamin status), as well as lifestyle factors (e.g., education, substance use, physical- and social activities) are of importance for cognitive functioning. Some of the age-related variation in cognitive performance is also mediated by changes in other cognitive processes such as speed. There is, however, still age-related variation that has not been accounted for which emphasize the need for further research and suggest that multiple aging processes affect our central nervous system and thereby various mechanisms involved in cognitive functioning.
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| 3. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(författare)
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Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders
- 2010
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Ingår i: Clinical Psychology Review. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0272-7358 .- 1873-7811. ; 30:3, s. 349-362
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mental imagery has been considered relevant to psychopathology due to its supposed special relationship with emotion, although evidence for this assumption has been conspicuously lacking. The present review is divided into four main sections: (1) First, we review evidence that imagery can evoke emotion in at least three ways: a direct influence on emotional systems in the brain that are responsive to sensory signals; overlap between processes involved in mental imagery and perception which can lead to responding "as if' to real emotion-arousing events; and the capacity of images to make contact with memories for emotional episodes in the past. (2) Second, we describe new evidence confirming that imagery does indeed evoke greater emotional responses than verbal representation, although the extent of emotional response depends on the image perspective adopted. (3) Third, a heuristic model is presented that contrasts the generation of language-based representations with imagery and offers an account of their differing effects on emotion, beliefs and behavior. (4) Finally, based on the foregoing review, we discuss the role of imagery in maintaining emotional disorders, and its uses in psychological treatment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Kazemi, Ali, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Rättvisa i fördelning av sociala resurser: En socialpsykologisk forskningsöversikt
- 2009
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Ingår i: Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift. - 1104-1420. ; 16:2, s. 143-161
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rättvisefrågor har diskuterats sedan Platon och Sokrates. Men till skillnad från områdets normativa framtoning i filosofiska kretsar, är socialpsykologerna intresserade av att studera människors subjektiva upplevelser av (o)rättvisa. Fokus ligger därför på förståelse och kartläggning av orsaker till och effekter av upplevd (o)rättvisa i olika sammanhang. I denna artikel ges en forskningsöversikt över området. Artikeln avslutas med en kort diskussion om vad den socialpsykologiska rättviseforskningen kan tillföra i fråga om förståelse av social problematik
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| 5. |
- Näsling, John, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Psychotherapy on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 1063-3995 .- 1099-0879. ; 31:4
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to react negatively on affective, cognitive and behavioural levels to uncertain situations and to harbour negative beliefs about the implications of uncertainty. IU has been linked to psychopathology and shown to impact treatment outcomes. This study systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy on IU. A total of 22 studies (1491 participants) were identified in online searches and included in the meta-analyses. Analyses were performed on studies with passive and active control conditions. The pooled effect on IU from studies with passive control was large (g = −0.94 [95% CI −1.25 to −0.62]) but with significant heterogeneity. Pooled effects on IU from studies with active controls were not significant. Moderator analysis showed that among studies with a passive control condition, studies that recruited participants from clinical care facilities produced smaller effect sizes. Among studies with an active control condition, study quality significantly moderated the results, with higher quality leading to a larger effect size. These results indicate that changes in IU may be difficult to reliably achieve in psychotherapy and leave many questions about the effect of psychotherapy on IU unanswered, such as what active components produced the observed changes in studies with passive control.
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| 6. |
- Straus, Laura D., et al.
(författare)
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The role of objective sleep in implicit and explicit affect regulation : A comprehensive review
- 2024
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Ingår i: Neurobiology of Stress. - : Elsevier. - 2352-2895. ; 31
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impairments in sleep and affect regulation are evident across a wide range of mental disorders. Understanding the sleep factors that relate to affect regulatory difficulties will inform mechanistic understanding and aid in treatment. Despite rising interest, some research challenges in this area include integrating across different clinical and non-clinical literatures investigating the role of sleep architecture (measured with polysomnography) and experimentally manipulated sleep, as well as integrating more explicit versus implicit affect regulation processes. In this comprehensive review, we use a unifying framework to examine sleep's relationship with implicit-automatic regulation and explicit-controlled regulation, both of which are relevant to mental health (e.g., PTSD and depression). Many studies of implicit-automatic regulation (e.g., fear extinction and safety learning) demonstrate the importance of sleep, and REM sleep specifically. Studies of explicit-controlled regulation (e.g., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) are less consistent in their findings, with results differing depending on the type of affect regulation and/or way that sleep was measured or manipulated. There is a clear relationship between objective sleep and affect regulation processes. However, there is a need for 1) more studies focusing on sleep and explicit-controlled affect regulation; 2) replication with the same types of regulation strategies; 3) more studies experimentally manipulating sleep to examine its impact on affect regulation and vice versa in order to infer cause and effect; and 4) more studies looking at sleep's impact on next-day affect regulation (not just overnight change in affect reactivity).
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| 7. |
- Västfjäll, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The Arithmetic of Emotion : Integration of Incidental and Integral Affect in Judgments and Decisions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7, s. 325-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has demonstrated that two types of affect have an influence on judgment and decision making: incidental affect (affect unrelated to a judgment or decision such as a mood) and integral affect (affect that is part of the perceiver’s internal representation of the option or target under consideration). So far, these two lines of research have seldom crossed so that knowledge concerning their combined effects is largely missing. To fill this gap, the present review highlights differences and similarities between integral and incidental affect. Further, common and unique mechanisms that enable these two types of affect to influence judgment and choices are identified. Finally, some basic principles for affect integration when the two sources co-occur are outlined. These mechanisms are discussed in relation to existing work that has focused on incidental or integral affect but not both.
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| 8. |
- Alfonsson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of clinical supervision on supervisees and patients in cognitive-behavioral therapy : a study protocol for a systematic review
- 2017
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Ingår i: Systematic Reviews. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2046-4053. ; 6:94, s. 1-6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Clinical supervision by a senior therapist is a very common practice in psychotherapist training and psychiatric care settings. Though clinical supervision is advocated by most educational and governing institutions, the effects of clinical supervision on the supervisees ’ competence, e.g., attitudes, behaviors, and skills, as well as on treatment outcomes and other patient variables are debated and largely unknown. Evidence-based practice is advocated in clinical settings but has not yet been fully implemented in educational or clinical training settings. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize and present the empirical literature regarding effects of clinical supervision in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Methods: This study will include a systematic review of the literature to identify studies that have empirically investigated the effects of supervision on supervised psychotherapists and/or the supervisees ’ patients. A comprehensive search strategy will be conducted to identify published controlled studies indexed in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases. Data on supervision outcomes in both psychotherapists and their patients will be extracted, synthesized, and reported. Risk of bias and quality of the included studies will be assessed systematically. Discussion: This systematic review will rigorously follow established guidelines for systematic reviews in order to summarize and present the evidence base for clinical supervision in cognitive-behavioral therapy and may aid further research and discussion in this area.
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| 9. |
- Kallioinen, Petter, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Semantic processing in children with Cochlear Implants : A review of current N400 studies and recommendations for future research
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biological Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0301-0511 .- 1873-6246. ; 182
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deaf and hard of hearing children with cochlear implants (CI) often display impaired spoken language skills. While a large number of studies investigated brain responses to sounds in this population, relatively few focused on semantic processing. Here we summarize and discuss findings in four studies of the N400, a cortical response that reflects semantic processing, in children with CI. A study with auditory target stimuli found N400 effects at delayed latencies at 12 months after implantation, but at 18 and 24 months after implantation effects had typical latencies. In studies with visual target stimuli N400 effects were larger than or similar to controls in children with CI, despite lower semantic abilities. We propose that in children with CI, the observed large N400 effect reflects a stronger reliance on top-down predictions, relative to bottom-up language processing. Recent behavioral studies of children and adults with CI suggest that top-down processing is a common compensatory strategy, but with distinct limitations such as being effortful. A majority of the studies have small sample sizes (N < 20), and only responses to image targets were studied repeatedly in similar paradigms. This precludes strong conclusions. We give suggestions for future research and ways to overcome the scarcity of participants, including extending research to children with conventional hearing aids, an understudied group.
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| 10. |
- Lövdén, Martin, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Human Skill Learning: Expansion, Exploration, Selection, and Refinement
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-1546. ; 36, s. 163-168
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Authors Learning, or the process of acquiring knowledge and skill, allows humans to shape and adapt to their environments during development. Researchers have long theorized that the principal brain processes behind learning resemble a recruitment process. The brain initially explores an expanded pool of candidate neural circuits. Based on outcomes, the most promising candidate circuit is selected for refinement. Partly fuelled by new methods, the last decade of research on learning-related functional and structural changes in rodents has supported this theory, and, more recently, related evidence has started to emerge from human studies. We emphasize the need for formal theories and neurocomputational modelling of cortical plasticity to guide work on open issues, such as the link between functional and structural changes.
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