| 1. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973
(författare)
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Developing Theoretical and Empirical Definitions of Safety Problems in Driving Suitable for Active Safety Function Evaluation
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In passive safety, the requirement specifications used for evaluation of protective functions are both standardised and specified at a high level of detail regarding evaluation scenario definition, performance metrics and pass/fail criteria. For active safety, while several propositions for evaluation scenarios have been made, neither these, nor performance metrics and pass/fail criteria have yet reached a similar level of detail and standardisation. The objective of this thesis is to address two underlying reasons for this difference. One is theoretical in nature. On a general level, a set of principles and concepts which capture the fundamental ideas of a field of science can be called a conceptual framework. For active safety function evaluation, such a framework is currently lacking. To address this issue, a conceptual framework called Situational control was developed. The framework integrates fundamental ideas relevant for active safety function evaluation into a holistic and practically applicable picture. Its applicability was demonstrated by applying it in the context of writing and implementing requirement specifications for active safety function evaluation.The second reason is of empirical character. To evaluate the extent to which active safety functions prevent and/or mitigate crashes, it is essential to characterize the sequence of events which leads to collisions in a way which includes information on causal factors. To do this, data from official databases (macroscopic data), and in-depth case studies is often used. Macroscopic data is usually statistically representative but has limited information on why crashes happen, while the opposite is true of case studies. Using the two in combination would therefore seem ideal. However, the principles for connecting them are far from clear and current approaches suffer inherent weaknesses. To address this issue, a generalization methodology which links information in case studies to macroscopic crash types, in a way which covers not only context but also causation similarity, was developed. The feasibility of the methodology was tested through application on three sets of intersection crash data. Results indicate that the methodology was sufficiently successful to warrant further exploration with larger data sets.
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| 4. |
- Adolfsson, Kerstin, 1988
(författare)
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Blame attribution in rape scenarios: Understanding the role of personal beliefs and situational factors
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous studies have found victim-blaming attitudes to hinder victims of rape from reporting to the police. Many victims fear being blamed by people in their near surroundings or by professionals in the legal as well as in the healthcare system. Psychological research has investigated various variables that might affect levels of attributed victim and perpetrator blame in rape cases. These variables are connected to the rape situation as well as personal beliefs and attitudes on behalf of the participants. However, studies have predominantly investigated only a few variables at a time. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if blame attributions are affected more by situational-specific variables or by observers’ personal beliefs. Also, the thesis aimed to shed light on age effects and multiple perpetrator rapes as these aspects are previously understudied in the field. The studies were conducted with a multi-analytical approach using both analyses of variance as well as more elaborated and exploratory analyses. In Study I, the effects of victim and participant age, participant gender, sympathy for the victim, trust in the justice system, belief in a just world, and acceptance of rape myths were investigated in three experiments. The three experiments employed a vignette methodology. In total, 877 Swedish adolescents and adults read scenarios that described common acquaintance rape situations in party settings. Victim age (18 or 31) was manipulated, but did not affect attributed blame. Effects of participant age and gender varied markedly across scenarios. Sympathy for the victim and acceptance of rape myths were better predictors of attributed blame than the gender and age. This shows that blame attributions were found to be more affected by personal beliefs than situational-specific variables. Study II investigated the effects of multiple perpetrators and perpetrators’ use of force on blame attributions. This was done in two experiments with a total of 2928 Swedish community members. Using vignette methodology, participants read scenarios depicting either a multiple-perpetrator rape or a lone-perpetrator rape and subsequently made ratings of blame, rape myth acceptance, just-world beliefs, and sympathy for the victim, perception of consent and trust in the legal system. Experiment 1 showed that a victim of multiple perpetrator rape was attributed more blame than a victim of a single perpetrator rape. Experiment 2 showed that the perpetrator’s used force did not affect levels of attributed blame. The best predictors of attributed blame were participants’ perception of consent, sympathy for the victim and rape myth acceptance. In line with Study I, the results show the importance of participants’ beliefs about rape above situational factors. To summarize, personal beliefs were more predictive of levels of attributed blame, and a victim of multiple perpetrator rape was attributed higher levels of blame than a victim of lone perpetrator rape. Rape myth acceptance, sympathy for the victim and perception of consent were the most predictive factors of victim and perpetrator blame. This result has implications for future projects preventing victim blame. It shows what to focus on: Changing attitudes, decreasing rape myth acceptance, and increasing sympathy for rape victims. Additionally, across both studies, principal component analyses resulted in factors which, included in hierarchical multiple regression analyses, proved to explain a substantial part of the variance in levels of victim and perpetrator blame. These factors were not present in the analyses of variance. This result has implications for future research to productively use more elaborated analyses including several more variables at a time.
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| 5. |
- Ernberg, Emelie, 1989
(författare)
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Legal Practitioners’ Thoughts and Evaluations of Preschoolers’ Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Child sexual abuse (CSA) cases are notoriously difficult to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate. In Sweden it is estimated that only about one tenth of all reported CSA cases are prosecuted and CSA cases involving preschoolers are less likely to be prosecuted compared to cases involving older children. Preliminary investigations concerning preschool-aged children are complicated. Preschoolers typically have a limited ability to remember and retell events, and their testimonies are often difficult to evaluate. Thus far, prosecution in CSA cases involving preschool-aged children has not been studied exclusively and only very few studies have investigated how preschoolers’ testimonies are evaluated by legal actors. The aim of this thesis is therefore to shed some light on how preschoolers’ testimonies are viewed and evaluated by prosecutors and judges in a Swedish legal context. In Study I, 9 specialized child prosecutors (6 women, 3 men) took part either in individual interviews or in focus groups. The transcripts were analyzed thematically. The prosecutors said that children’s testimony was sometimes evaluated with criteria from the Supreme Court (e.g., length and richness in detail) and held at standards that do not comply with their witness capability. CSA victims were identified as vulnerable victims who had difficulty telling their stories. Some aspects of forensic interviews with preschoolers were described as problematic, and the prosecutors stated that the interviews sometimes went on for too long or that the interviewers had difficulties directing the youngest children as to the purpose of the interview. Building on the finding that children’s testimony may be evaluated with criteria from the Supreme Court and held at standards that do not comply with their witness capability, Study II aimed at investigating judges’ evaluations of preschoolers’ testimony. The study consisted of descriptive analyses of a majority of all court decisions (N = 145) in CSA cases involving preschoolers as complainants issued between 2010 and 2014. Reliability assessments of the children’s testimonies were more frequently made in acquitting verdicts and in cases with evidence of low corroborative value. Most criteria used for assessing the reliability of preschoolers’ statements were used in favor of their testimony, with the exception of the length criteria, which was mostly used against the reliability of preschoolers’ testimony. The findings are discussed in the light of research on preschoolers’ abilities to testify about CSA and some guiding implications for legal professionals working with these cases are offered.
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| 6. |
- Joleby, Malin, 1988
(författare)
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TECHNOLOGY-ASSISTED CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE - Offender strategies, abuse characteristics and psychological consequences
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ENGELSK SAMMANFATTNING: Internet communication technology has enabled new ways for adults to abuse children sexually. By communicating online via smartphones and web cameras, adults can incite children to show themselves naked or to perform sexual acts online. The aim of this licentiate thesis is to broaden our knowledge about Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse (TA-CSA) and its conse-quences, by analyzing TA-CSA court cases (Study I: n = 122, Study II: n = 98) from Swedish courts (children aged 7–17, offenders aged 16–69). More spe-cifically, Study I investigated how online offenders approached and incited children to engage in online sexual activity. The results show that offenders found their victims on all sorts of online platforms, indicating that they identi-fied which sites children were using. Additionally, the study identified two strategies used by offenders – (1) pressuring the child and (2) building a rela-tionship with the child. In contrast to previous research, which describes the use of pressure as an exception, pressuring the child was the most frequently reported strategy in this study. A majority of the offenders engaged the child in online sexual activity only (i.e. did not additionally abuse the child offline). This contrasts with the assumption made in previous research that most online offenders target children online with the aim of arranging an offline meeting. The relationship-building strategy had many similarities with what research has shown in the grooming of children. Study II investigated what kinds of sexual activities children were incited to perform online, and how the experi-ences and psychological health of the children were described in the court doc-uments. The results show that some children experienced the abuse as threat-ening and distressing, and felt that they had no choice but to perform the sexual acts demanded by the offender. The study further revealed a wide range of sexual acts that the children were incited to perform, some of which were of an extremely violating nature. The court documents describe several potential vulnerability factors and several potential psychological consequences among the children, which are similar to those shown in research investigating offline CSA. In sum, this thesis emphasizes that TA-CSA can be a serious crime with potentially severe consequences for its victims. In light of this, it is suggested that TA-CSA should not be viewed as essentially different from, or less severe than, offline CSA. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SVENSK SAMMANFATTNING: Är sexuella övergrepp som sker via nätet mindre allvarliga än de som sker när offer och förövare möts? Forskning har visat att yrkesverksamma som arbetar med barn ibland inte tar internetrelaterade övergrepp på lika stort allvar som övergrepp som sker utanför nätet. Rättsväsendet har ansett det vara mindre sexuellt kränkande när en förövare tvingar ett barn att förgripa sig på sig själv, än när en förövare själv förgriper sig på ett barn, med följden att gärningsper-sonerna kommit undan med mildare straff och lägre skadestånd. Vad säger då den forskning som finns på ämnet? Faktum är att de fåtal studier som gjorts visar att internetrelaterade sexuella övergrepp mot barn kan ha allvarligare psykologiska konsekvenser än vad man tidigare trott. Forsk-ningsfältet är dock ännu i ett tidigt stadie, och det finns många kunskapsluckor kvar att fylla. Medan forskning från flera decennier har kartlagt de processer som ligger bakom sexuella övergrepp mot barn samt vilka psykologiska kon-sekvenser det kan få, saknas ännu forskning vad gäller övergrepp som sker på nätet. Antalet polisanmälningar gällande internetrelaterade sexualbrott mot barn ökar både nationellt och internationellt, och för att kunna sätta in preven-tiva åtgärder, säkerställa att utsatta barn får tillräckligt stöd, samt lagföra förö-varna krävs mer kunskap. I denna licentiatavhandling presenteras två studier som undersöker hur internetrelaterade sexualbrott går till, vilka handlingar de innefattar, samt vilka följder det kan få för offren. Till grund för studierna lig-ger en analys av samtliga svenska domstolsfall från år 2017 med brottsrubri-cering ’Utnyttjande av barn för sexuell posering’ där övergreppet skett på nä-tet. Domstolsfallen inkluderar barn (ålder 7-17 år) som förmåtts att genomföra sexuella handlingar på internet. Studie I undersökte hur internetförövare fick kontakt med barn på nätet och vilka strategier de använde för att förmå barnen att genomföra sexuella handlingar via internet. Förövarna kom i kontakt med barnen via en mängd olika internetsidor (sociala nätverk, spel riktade mot barn, chattsidor eller sex-uellt suggestiva sidor). Detta tyder på att det inte är några särskilda sajter eller appar som är specifikt drabbade, utan att förövarna hittar vilka forum barnen än befinner sig i. Studien identifierade två huvudsakliga strategier som förö-varna använde sig av: antingen pressa barnet eller bygga en relation med bar-net. Press (genom hot, mutor eller tjat) var, till skillnad mot tidigare forskning på sexuella övergrepp mot barn på nätet, den vanligaste strategin som beskrevs i domarna. Detta indikerar att den digitala utvecklingen medfört en ny tillfälles-struktur där förövare kan använda andra strategier än tidigare. Den andra stra-tegin – att bygga en relation med barnet (genom smicker, vänskap eller kärlek) har många likheter med grooming, vilket omfattande forskning visat att förö-vare använder sig av för att förbereda barn för sexuella övergrepp, både på och utanför nätet. Vidare visade studien att en stor majoritet av förövarna endast förgrep sig på barnet på nätet, vilket motsäger antagandet om att internetförö-vare har som mål att begå övergrepp mot barnet utanför nätet. Detta fynd be-tonar vikten av att se de sexuella handlingar på nätet som övergrepp i sig, oav-sett om förövaren även träffar barnet utanför nätet eller ej. Studie II undersökte vad för typ av sexuella handlingar internetöver-greppen innehöll, samt hur barnens upplevelser och psykologiska hälsa besk-revs i domarna. Resultaten visade att barnen hade förmåtts att genomföra en rad olika handlingar. Från att visa upp sig halvnakna, spela in filmer eller di-rektsända i webbkamera när de onanerade eller penetrerade sig själva, till att tvingas genomföra sexuella handlingar på syskon eller husdjur. I domarna be-skrevs att vissa barn upplevde situationen som obehaglig, hotfull och att de inte hade något annat val än att lyda förövarens order. Några av övergreppen besk-revs som fysiskt smärtsamma. De möjliga sårbarhetsfaktorer hos barnen som beskrevs i domarna var av personlig karaktär (dåligt psykiskt mående, intel- lektuella funktionsnedsättningar, låg självkänsla), relationell karaktär (ensam-het, stressig social miljö) samt beteendemässig karaktär (självskadebeteende). De psykologiska konsekvenserna till följd av övergreppen som beskrevs var personliga (psykologiskt lidande, självskade-, eller suicidalt beteende, sömn-problem och internaliserat självhat), relationella (svårighet att lita på folk, för-sämrade relationer, isolering samt rädsla för att vara själv), samt relaterade till barnens skolgång (svårt att klara av skolan). De psykologiska konsekvenserna i studie I har många likheter med vad forskning har visat kring barn som utsatts för övergrepp utanför nätet. Sammantaget visar resultaten att nätrelaterade övergrepp kan vara mycket allvarliga i sin karaktär samt orsaka ett stor lidande. Resultaten från de två studierna i denna licentiatuppsats kan betraktas ur flera perspektiv. Genom ett utvecklingspsykologiskt perspektiv med fokus på de stora förändringar (biologiska, psykologiska, sociala, sexuella) som barn och ungdomar genomgår, kan man förstå hur de kan bli extra sårbara för förö-varnas strategier. Genom att applicera ett teoretiskt traumaperspektiv går det att förstå att även internetrelaterade övergrepp kan vara traumatiserande för de barn som drabbas. Resultaten bör även diskuteras i ljuset av antagandet att övergrepp på nätet är en mindre allvarlig form av övergrepp, och det faktum att de flesta länder världen över saknar explicita lagar som kriminaliserar sex-uella handlingar med barn på nätet. I denna uppsats föreslås att internetrelate-rade övergrepp inte bör ses som väsentligt annorlunda eller mindre allvarligt än övergrepp utanför nätet.
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| 7. |
- Kajonius, Petri, 1974-
(författare)
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The Impact of Care Process on Satisfaction with Elderly Care
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate thesis is based on the growing interest in Swedish elderly care. The aim of this thesis is to investigate what generates satisfaction with elderly care among older persons. The dominant ideology in both privately and publically run elderly care is individualized care, also called person-centered care, which holds the older person’s satisfaction as one of the main quality indicators. The proportion of older people is increasing and to maintain high levels of satisfaction with elderly care will require more knowledge. Data from the National Board of Health and Welfare’s (2012) nationwide survey on seniors’ experiences with elderly care was collected. Statistical analyses of this sample formed the basis for the results of the thesis and were reported in two papers. Study I used Donabedian’s (1988) model of quality of care in terms of structure, process, and outcome, and all municipal units in Sweden were included (N = 324). The results showed that structural variables (i.e. budget, staff, and training level) have minimal or no relationships with older persons’ satisfaction with care, while process variables (i.e. experiences of respect, information, and influence) have strong relationships with satisfaction with care. Study II made use of the long-standing person versus situation- model in social psychology, and was analyzed on an individual level (N = 95,000). The results showed that care process factors (i.e. experiences of treatment, safeness, staff- and time-availability) had a stronger relationship, than individual factors (i.e. health, anxiety, and loneliness) with satisfaction with care. The results also showed that older persons with home care generally felt better treated than older persons in nursing homes, but also felt less safe. Mediational analyses, based on this comprehensive elderly data, suggest that the individual aging condition of loneliness can be countered by providing safeness and treatment, resulting in high satisfaction with care. In conclusion, satisfaction with elderly care in Sweden today can largely be explained from a psychological perspective by the older persons’ perception of the care process, not by the amount of structural resources or the conditions of the aging persons. These findings could help facilitate the future quality development in municipalities and care organizations.
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| 8. |
- Willén, Rebecca M., 1980-
(författare)
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Recollection of Repeated Events : Difficulties and Possibilities
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Survey based research about self-reported incidents and legal investigations concerning sexual abuse, terrorism, and refugee status determination often involves reporting about self-experienced events that are similar to each other and has occurred repeatedly. Such repeated events tend to be recalled in a general manner and as a cluster of events. It can therefore be difficult for a respondent or witness to specify which individual episode a particular detail belongs to and to describe the individual episodes in detail. The overall aims of the present thesis were to investigate whether peoples’ memories of repeated events can be improved by mnemonics and how memory specificity should be measured. Two studies were conducted and both were based on interviews with 95 dental care patients about all dental visits they had made during the past ten years. Objective truth was established by analysing their dental records. Both studies employed two measures of memory specificity (number of individual events recalled and recalled amount of details about the events). Amount of details was measured by categorising the respondents’ utterances as generic, specific, or specific-extended in line with established coding procedures for measuring overgeneral memory. Study I investigated the effect of context-specific cues on peoples’ ability to remember individual events and details about the events. The main results showed that context-specific cues tended to be more effective for recollection of individual events than cues commonly used in legal practice. The context-specific cues did also generate somewhat more details than the comparison cues. The results imply that recollection of repeated events can be enhanced by mnemonics such as context-specific cues. Study II showed that the two measures of memory specificity (i.e., number of individual events recalled and recalled amount of details about the events) were influenced differently by all five investigated factors (interviewees’ age, number of experienced events, interviewer, perceived unpleasantness concerning the events, and how much the interviewee had rehearsed their memories). For instance, number of experienced events positively influenced the number of events recalled but had no effect on the amount of details. It was additionally found that the respondents often underestimated how many visits they had made. An important implication of the study is that future research should make clear distinctions between the two types of memory specificity. In sum, the studies suggest that mnemonics can aid recollection of repeated events, although the research on the subject has methodological issues that need to be resolved.
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| 9. |
- Byström, Kristina
(författare)
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Djur och natur som stöd för psykologisk utveckling hos barn och ungdomar med autism : ett nytt och mer fritt sätt att utvecklas genom social interaktion
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forskning visar att djur kan ge socialt och emotionellt stöd till barn och ungdomar med autism men få studier har undersökt husdjurens betydelse för barnens utveckling eller betydelsen av att inkludera natur och djur i en längre samspelsbehandling. Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva och förklara på vilka sätt som natur och djur kan tillföra värden som underlättar för gruppens psykologiska utveckling. Den första artikeln är en fokusgruppstudie med syftet att undersöka betydelsen av husdjur för barn och ungdomar med autism sett från föräldrarnas perspektiv. Resultatet visade sammantaget att husdjur kan bidra med stöd till gruppens sociala utveckling men också till utveckling av beteenden och funktioner samt förbättra psykisk hälsa och livskvalité. Tre teman hittades: 1. Kvalitén på relationen med husdjuret. 2. Ökad interaktion med människor. 3. Optimera barnens funktioner och utveckling. Barnen och ungdomarnas intressen och aktiviteter med husdjuren var mer sociala än icke sociala och av en annan kvalité än de begränsade och repetitiva beteenden som barn med autism vanligtvis är engagerade i. Den andra artikeln är en diskussion med syftet att söka efter en teoretisk modell som fördjupar förståelsen av vilka mekanismer som kan ligga bakom positiva effekter av att involvera natur och djur i en utvecklingsstödjande längre samspelsbehandling. Metoden i artikeln är grundad teori. Data kommer från en behandlingsmodell (ett och ett halvt år, totalt nio barn), från miljöpsykologi och från utvecklingspsykologi, både typisk och atypisk som vid autism. Resultatet består av tre nyckelkategorier: 1. Minska stress och inge lugn och ro. 2. Väcka nyfikenhet och intresse. 3. Framkalla spontan uppmärksamhet. Dessa tre nyckelkategorier är relaterade till en underliggande kärnvariabel, vitalitetsformer, vilka beskrevs av Daniel Stern och som enligt honom har betydelse för att skapa globala upplevelseformer, dvs helhetsupplevelser. Här argumenteras för att vitalitetsformerna från natur och djur kan vara särskilt gynnsamma för att åstadkomma goda ögonblick av samspel mellan barnet och behandlare som befrämjar psykologisk utveckling. Utgångspunkten är hjärnans sätt att koda in många interna och externa händelser, baserade på rörelseperception. Avhandlingens resultat visar att natur och djur kan vara goda omständigheter för barn och ungdomar med autism att klara av att skapa mening av sina upplevelser i naturligt uppkomna situationer och ögonblick. Sådana ögonblick har också visat sig kunna inbegripa socialt engagerat samspel och kommunikation med andra människor där stödet till barnet kan ges direkt när något händer. Framtida forskning får utvisa om denna typ av fördjupade och tydliga upplevelser i samband med natur och djur kan bilda en ny och kompletterande behandlingsväg för barn med autism och so m optimerar villkoren för den psykologiska Djur och natur som stöd för psykologisk utveckling hos barn och ungdomar med autism. Ett nytt och mer fritt sätt att utvecklas genom social interaktion Sammanfattning utvecklingen genom socialt samspel. Om så är fallet ses också möjligheten för att psykisk hälsa och livskvalité förbättras.
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| 10. |
- Viktorelius, Martin, 1987
(författare)
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The social organization of energy efficiency in shipping: a practice-based study
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The central research question explored in this study is how energy efficiency is organized onboard large merchant ships. The dominant techno-economical approach within energy research and policy, in general, and shipping research and policy, in particular, is reviewed and criticized as being too limited for understanding the challenges and opportunities related to the organization and management of energy efficiency in shipping companies. The failure, it is suggested, of previous research and policy, is associated with the lack of analysis and attention to how the organization of energy efficiency onboard ships is enacted by crew members acting in particular socio-material contexts. The primary aim of this study was to initiate the development of a practice-theoretical understanding of the organization and management of energy onboard ships. An ethnographic study onboard five ships operated by one of the largest ferry companies in the world was conducted in order to explore the social practices of the work associated with ship operation. Three topics were identified and explored: (i) the non-use of energy performance monitoring technology as a result of misalignments in practice, (ii) the role of situated and embodied knowledge for energy efficient navigation and voyage execution, and (iii) the contradictory structure of energy practice leading to reduced energy efficiency. It is concluded that formal energy management systems are insufficient in developing crew members’ know-how, skill and practice associated with energy efficient ship operation. The findings have implications for policy and energy management within shipping companies, as well as other industries, and for training and education of managers and employees. It is recommended that shipping companies should focus more on local capacity building and collaboration among crew members as a means of improving the energy efficiency of ship operation.
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