| 1. |
- Alce, Günter, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Evaluation of Three User Interfaces for Detecting Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Virtual Reality
- 2022
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Ingår i: Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality - 19th EuroXR International Conference, EuroXR 2022, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783031162336 ; 13484 LNCS, s. 36-49
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regulations restrict UAVs to fly only within direct view of the pilot, limiting their ability to support critical societal functions. One potential way to move beyond this limitation is by placing a 360-degree camera on the vehicle and using its feed to provide operators with a view that is the equivalent to being on the vehicle. This necessitates a cockpit user interface (UI) that amongst other things highlights flying objects, so that collision with these can be avoided. In this paper, virtual reality (VR) was used to build a prototype of such a system and evaluate three UIs that were designed to facilitate detecting aerial. Conclusions are drawn regarding which UI features support detection performance and a positive user experience.
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| 2. |
- Ekström, Axel G., et al.
(författare)
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Self-imposed Filter Bubbles : Selective Attention and Exposure in Online Search
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computers in Human Behavior Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2451-9588. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is commonly assumed that algorithmic curation of search results creates filter bubbles, where users’ beliefs are continually reinforced and opposing views are suppressed. However, empirical evidence has failed to support this hypothesis. Instead, it has been suggested that filter bubbles may result from individuals engaging selectively with information in search engine results pages. However, this “self-imposed filter bubble hypothesis” has remained empirically untested. In this study, we find support for the hypothesis using eye-tracking technology and link selection data. We presented partisan participants (n = 48) with sets of simulated Google Search results, controlling for the ideological leaning of each link. Participants spent more time viewing own-side links than other links (p = .037). In our sample, participants who identified as right-wing exhibited a greater such bias than those that identified as left wing (p < .001). In addition, we found that both liberals and conservatives tended to select own-side links (p < .001). Finally, there was a significant effect of trust, such that links associated with less trusted sources were attended less and selected less often by liberals and conservatives alike (p < .001). Our study challenges the efficacy of policies that aim at combatting filter bubbles by presenting users with an ideologically diverse set of search results.
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| 3. |
- Hooge, Ignace T. C., et al.
(författare)
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Fixation classification: how to merge and select fixation candidates
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528. ; 54:6, s. 2765-2776
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye trackers are applied in many research fields (e.g., cognitive science, medicine, marketing research). To give meaning to the eye-tracking data, researchers have a broad choice of classification methods to extract various behaviors (e.g., saccade, blink, fixation) from the gaze signal. There is extensive literature about the different classification algorithms. Surprisingly, not much is known about the effect of fixation and saccade selection rules that are usually (implicitly) applied. We want to answer the following question: What is the impact of the selection-rule parameters (minimal saccade amplitude and minimal fixation duration) on the distribution of fixation durations? To answer this question, we used eye-tracking data with high and low quality and seven different classification algorithms. We conclude that selection rules play an important role in merging and selecting fixation candidates. For eye-tracking data with good-to-moderate precision (RMSD < 0.5∘), the classification algorithm of choice does not matter too much as long as it is sensitive enough and is followed by a rule that selects saccades with amplitudes larger than 1.0∘ and a rule that selects fixations with duration longer than 60 ms. Because of the importance of selection, researchers should always report whether they performed selection and the values of their parameters.
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| 4. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C, et al.
(författare)
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Searching with and against each other : Spatiotemporal coordination of visual search behavior in collaborative and competitive settings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 81:3, s. 666-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although in real life people frequently perform visual search together, in lab experiments this social dimension is typically left out. Here, we investigate individual, collaborative and competitive visual search with visualization of search partners' gaze. Participants were instructed to search a grid of Gabor patches while being eye tracked. For collaboration and competition, searchers were shown in real time at which element the paired searcher was looking. To promote collaboration or competition, points were rewarded or deducted for correct or incorrect answers. Early in collaboration trials, searchers rarely fixated the same elements. Reaction times of couples were roughly halved compared with individual search, although error rates did not increase. This indicates searchers formed an efficient collaboration strategy. Overlap, the proportion of dwells that landed on hexagons that the other searcher had already looked at, was lower than expected from simulated overlap of two searchers who are blind to the behavior of their partner. The proportion of overlapping dwells correlated positively with ratings of the quality of collaboration. During competition, overlap increased earlier in time, indicating that competitors divided space less efficiently. Analysis of the entropy of the dwell locations and scan paths revealed that in the competition condition, a less fixed looking pattern was exhibited than in the collaborate and individual search conditions. We conclude that participants can efficiently search together when provided only with information about their partner's gaze position by dividing up the search space. Competing search exhibited more random gaze patterns, potentially reflecting increased interaction between searchers in this condition.
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