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- Erlandsson, Arvid, et al.
(författare)
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The rise and fall of scary numbers: The effect of perceived trends on future estimates, severity ratings, and help-allocations in a cancer context
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 48:11, s. 618-633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Statistical information such as death risk estimates is frequently used for illustrating the magnitude of a problem. Such mortality statistics are however easier to evaluate if presented next to an earlier estimate, as the two data points together will illustrate an upward or downward change. How are people influenced by such changes? In seven experiments, participants read mortality statistics (e.g., number of yearly deaths or expert-estimated death risks) made at two points of time about various cancer types. Each cancer type was manipulated to have either a downward trajectory (e.g., the estimated death risk was 37% in 2012, and was adjusted downward to 22% in 2014), an upward trajectory (e.g., 7% -amp;gt; 22%), or a flat trajectory (e.g., 22% -amp;gt; 22%). For each cancer type, participants estimated future mortality statistics and rated the perceived severity. They also allocated real money between projects aimed at preventing the different cancer types. Participants responses indicated that they thought that a trend made out of two data points would continue in the future. People also perceived cancer types with similar present mortality statistics as more severe and allocated more money to them when they had an upward trajectory compared to a flat or downward trajectory. Although there are boundary conditions, we conclude that peoples severity ratings and helping behavior can be influenced by trend information even when such information is based on only two data points.
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| 2. |
- Kvarven, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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The intuitive cooperation hypothesis revisited : a meta-analytic examination of effect size and between-study heterogeneity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the Economic Science Association (JESA). - : Springer. - 2199-6776 .- 2199-6784. ; 6:1, s. 26-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis that intuition promotes cooperation has attracted considerable attention. Although key results in this literature have failed to replicate in pre-registered studies, recent meta-analyses report an overall effect of intuition on cooperation. We address the question with a meta-analysis of 82 cooperation experiments, spanning four different types of intuition manipulations-time pressure, cognitive load, depletion, and induction-including 29,315 participants in total. We obtain a positive overall effect of intuition on cooperation, though substantially weaker than that reported in prior meta-analyses, and between studies the effect exhibits a high degree of systematic variation. We find that this overall effect depends exclusively on the inclusion of six experiments featuring emotion-induction manipulations, which prompt participants to rely on emotion over reason when making allocation decisions. Upon excluding from the total data set experiments featuring this class of manipulations, between-study variation in the meta-analysis is reduced substantially-and we observed no statistically discernable effect of intuition on cooperation. Overall, we fail to obtain compelling evidence for the intuitive cooperation hypothesis.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, Pontus, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The actor-observer effect in virtual reality presentations
- 2001
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Ingår i: Cyberpsychology and Behavior. - 1094-9313. ; 4:2, s. 239-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of Virtual reality (VR) presentations are becoming a more and more frequent mean of communicating information and displaying data to large groups of viewers. Virtual reality presentations put heavy demands on reproduction ofvisual, aural and tactile information. A common situation in virtual reality presentations is that one actor acts in the virtual environment (VE), while a group of people observes the actors actions in the VE, often from the perspective of the actor. The current article aims to study actors (participants actively interacting with the VE) and observers (participants passively observing the actors interaction with the VE) evaluations of the VR presentation. In an experiment 16 actors and 16 observers either acted in or observed a VE and performed ratings of the quality of the presentation. The results showed that actors experienced higher presence and realism, and enjoyed the VR experience more than observers did. Observers on the other hand experienced that external events distracted their attention more than actors did. Finally, actors experienced more symptoms of simulation sickness. However, no differences between actors and observers were found for ratings of audio quality.
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| 4. |
- Peters, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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Bringing meaning to numbers: The impact of evaluative categories on decisions.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. - 1076-898X. ; 15:3, s. 213-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decision makers are often quite poor at using numeric information in decisions. The results of 4 experimentsdemonstrate that a manipulation of evaluative meaning (i.e., the extent to which an attribute can be mappedonto a good/bad scale; this manipulation is accomplished through the addition of visual boundary lines andevaluative labels to a graphical format) has a robust influence in health judgments and choices and acrossdiverse adult populations. The manipulation resulted in greater use of numeric quality-of-care information injudgments and less reliance on an irrelevant affective state among the less numerate. Recall results forprovided quality-of-care numbers suggested that the manipulation did not influence depth of number processingwith the exception of cost information that was not remembered as well. Results of a reaction-timeparadigm revealed that feelings were more accessible than thoughts in the presence of the manipulation,suggesting that the effect may be due, at least in part, to an affective mechanism. Numeric information is oftenprovided in decisions, but may not be usable by consumers without assistance from information providers.Implications for consumer decision making and the functions of affect are discussed.
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| 5. |
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| 8. |
- Västfjäll, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The Arithmetic of Emotion : Integration of Incidental and Integral Affect in Judgments and Decisions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7, s. 325-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has demonstrated that two types of affect have an influence on judgment and decision making: incidental affect (affect unrelated to a judgment or decision such as a mood) and integral affect (affect that is part of the perceiver’s internal representation of the option or target under consideration). So far, these two lines of research have seldom crossed so that knowledge concerning their combined effects is largely missing. To fill this gap, the present review highlights differences and similarities between integral and incidental affect. Further, common and unique mechanisms that enable these two types of affect to influence judgment and choices are identified. Finally, some basic principles for affect integration when the two sources co-occur are outlined. These mechanisms are discussed in relation to existing work that has focused on incidental or integral affect but not both.
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| 9. |
- Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional Bias in Change Deafness in Multisource Auditory Environments
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 143:1, s. 27-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories of auditory attention suggest that humans decompose complex auditory input into individual auditory objects, which then compete for attention to dominate auditory perception. Since emotional significance of external stimuli has been argued to provide cues for sensory prioritization and allocation of attention, emotionally salient auditory objects can receive attention to dominate auditory perception. On the basis of the function of audition as an alarm system that informs the organism about its immediate surroundings, and on empirical evidence that emotion can modulate auditory perception, we argue that auditory stimuli with greater emotional saliency would dominate perception in multisource environments. To test our hypothesis, we employed a change detection task in which participants were asked to indicate whether multisource auditory scenes were identical or different. Participants were better at detecting changes at the presence of an emotionally negative environment compared to neutral environment. Further, we found that participants were better at detecting changes of emotionally negative targets compared to neutral targets. Our results demonstrate that detecting changes in auditory scenes is influenced by emotion. The findings are discussed in the light of the theories of auditory attention, emotional modulation of attention, and the adaptive function of emotion for perception.
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| 10. |
- Erlandsson, Arvid, et al.
(författare)
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Argument-inconsistency in charity appeals: Statistical information about the scope of the problem decrease helping toward a single identified victim but not helping toward many non-identified victims in a refugee crisis context
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Psychology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0167-4870 .- 1872-7719. ; 56, s. 126-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is known that both the characteristics of the victims one can help and the existence of victims one cannot help influence economic helping decisions in suboptimal ways. The aim of this study was to systematically test if these two aspects interact with each other. In Studies 1 and 2, we created hypothetical charity appeals related to the Syrian refugee crisis and factorially manipulated characteristics of victims possible to help (one identified child/nine non-identified children) and presence of statistical information about the scope and nature of the problem (information-box absent/present). We found a significant interaction effect both when using self-rated helping intention (Study 1), and when using actual donation behavior as the dependent variable (Study 2). Statistical information decreased helping intentions toward a single identified child but had no, or even a small positive effect on helping nine non-identified children. In Study 3, non-student participants reading a charity appeal with both a story about one identified child and statistical information donated less often than participants reading appeals with either only a story about one identified child or only statistical information. We suggest that both emotional arguments (e.g., a story and picture of an identified child in need) and analytical arguments (e.g., detailed statistical information about the scope and nature of the problem) can make us more motivated to help refugees, but that mixing different argument-types can make charity appeals internally inconsistent and decrease donations. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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