| 1. |
- Niedomysl, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Learning Benefits of Using 2D Versus 3D Maps: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Experiment
- 2013
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In: Journal of geography. - New York : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-1341 .- 1752-6868. ; 112:3, s. 87-96
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The traditional important role of maps used for educational purposes has gained further potential with recent advances in GIS technology. But beyond specific courses in cartography this potential seems little realized in geography teaching. This article investigates the extent to which any learning benefits may be derived from the use of such technologies. A controlled experiment was conducted to examine whether information recall is improved when cartographic information on population distribution is presented in 2D versus 3D form. The results show statistically significant differences in learning benefits between the two formats, largely in favor of 2D representation. These findings suggest that learning benefits can be derived from paying greater attention to map format in educational settings.
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| 2. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Movers and Stayers: A Study of Emigration from Sweden 1993–2014
- 2022
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In: European Journal of Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 38
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A standard proposition in the migration literature is that emigrants are not drawn randomly from their source population, but rather compose a self-selected group in terms of labour market characteristics. Such self-selection refers to observed characteristics, such as education, or occupation, as well as unobserved characteristics such as cognitive abilities. However, due to data limitations, most previous studies on selectivity have analysed immigrants’ characteristics at destinations rather than using data from their source countries. This paper assesses emigrants’ selectivity patterns by following the full-risk population of natives over a long period of time (over 20 years). It also includes an innovative measure of selectivity on unobserved characteristics—namely, school performance—as a proxy for individual motivation and cognitive abilities, and it compares it to the widely used measure of income residuals. We use Swedish register data and assess the probabilities of leaving Sweden between 1993 and 2014 among men and women born in Sweden between 1975 and 1978. We further look for differences among Swedish emigrants who chose different countries of destination. The findings suggest that emigrants are positively self-selected in terms of their observed characteristics, whereas selectivity patterns in terms of unobserved characteristics are more complex. When we assess unobservable characteristics using compulsory school grades as a proxy, emigrants are found to be positively self-selected, while when using income residuals, we find that the effect is U-shaped. Individuals leaving to non-Nordic countries are also found to be more positively self-selected than those heading to neighbouring countries. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of economic and sociological theories.
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| 3. |
- Curtis, Carey, et al.
(author)
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Public Transport Accessibility Tools Matter: A case study of Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2019
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In: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-624X. ; 7:1, s. 96-107
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban transport investment decision-making has relied on traditional modelling tools that forecast travel demand based on existing travel patterns. This approach has also underpinned decisions about future urban development. Latent travel demand is poorly understood, and this is particularly important given policy aspirations for the take-up of more sustainable transport modes such as public transport. Accessibility tools can make an important contribution to future development and investment decisions given this policy aspiration. In this paper, public transport supply is assessed using an accessibility tool and then compared to travel patterns. By assessing both public transport supply and travel demand through an accessibility lens we are able to gain insight into the latent demand for public transport. An innovative segmentation type approach is employed by comparing supply and demand and from this a typology is proposed as a framework for a more holistic public transport investment strategy. This takes into account public transport accessibility, travel demand of trip makers and their socio-economic situation, set in the context of the urban region.
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| 4. |
- Elldér, Erik
(author)
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Active travel and telework in Sweden: Teleworkers walk more, but cycle less
- 2022
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In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 109
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is extensive literature on how telework influences daily travel, mainly focusing on daily travel demand. What is overlooked is the possibility that telework provides scope for more active travel on foot or by bicycle. The aim of this article is to investigate whether teleworkers are more likely to walk or cycle than non-teleworkers. We use representative microdata from the Swedish National Travel survey 2011–2016 and disaggregate the analysis in novel ways, including separating walking and cycling. We conclude that in general teleworkers walk more but cycle less. Teleworkers walk more for service purposes, and cycle less when commuting. The strongest correlation between telework and active travel are found when teleworking for a full day. However, similar active travel behavior is shown on non-(tele)working days, indicating that teleworking is habit-forming when it comes to active travel.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Elldér, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Proximity changes to what and for whom? Investigating sustainable accessibility change in the Gothenburg city region 1990–2014
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1556-8318 .- 1556-8334. ; 12:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper operationalizes the concept of sustainable accessibility by emphasizing the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability from a spatial perspective. In doing so, we develop a heuristic model that focusses on the crucial dimensions of who gets access to what by using sustainable means of movement. We apply our conceptual approach in an examination of trends in sustainable accessibility for different social groups living in Gothenburg, Sweden between 1990 and 2014. On the basis of welfare-related and time-geographical considerations, we investigate accessibility by proximity for low- and high-income earners, people with small children, and elderly people. We investigate to what extent proximity to fundamental facilities increases or decreases over time, indicating changing conditions for sustainability. The results show that opportunities for living a local life and achieving accessibility via proximity differ socially. Low-income earners and the elderly generally live closer to the facilities important for daily life than do high-income earners and parents of young children. We also show that the opportunities for various social groups to obtain access by proximity change over time. For example, we observe a trend in which over time older people face reduced opportunities to reach daily facilities in their local neighbourhoods.
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| 7. |
- Elldér, Erik
(author)
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Telework and daily travel: New evidence from Sweden
- 2020
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In: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0966-6923. ; 86
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2020 The Author Telework, long promoted as a way to reduce daily travel and address congestion problems, has been extensively studied in transport research. Empirical consensus has long held that telework reduces overall travel, but several updated studies now suggest the opposite. Meanwhile, telework has steadily increased in many countries, and few studies have examined contexts where regular teleworkers have grown to form an early majority. We study how telework influences daily travel in such a context, namely, Sweden from 2011 to 2016. Using representative micro-data from the Swedish National Travel Survey, this study also captures travel behaviour during the defined period when the telework was actually practiced, distinguishing different telework arrangements and analysing a range of travel behavioral outcomes. We conclude that telework leads to reduced travel demand, more use of active transport modes, and congestion relief. Important differences between full- and part-day teleworkers are also highlighted, stressing the importance of understanding telework as a diversified coping strategy for organizing the spatiotemporality of everyday life.
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| 8. |
- Elldér, Erik
(author)
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What Kind of Compact Development Makes People Drive Less? The “Ds of the Built Environment” versus Neighborhood Amenities
- 2020
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In: Journal of Planning Education and Research. - 0739-456X .- 1552-6577. ; 40:4, s. 432-446
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article seeks insight into the kind of compact development that leads to reduced car driving by examining the significance of local amenities relative to the traditional “five Ds of the built environment.” Regression models of unique microdata covering all of Sweden show that an increasing number of amenities near home causes more people to give up driving and instead walk and cycle, and that the presence of even a few local amenities can mean shorter travel distances. After detailed consideration of local amenities, street network design has little significance, and the effects of diversity and density are significantly weakened.
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| 9. |
- Elldér, Erik, et al.
(author)
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When local access matters: A detailed analysis of place, neighbourhood amenities and travel choice
- 2022
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In: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 59:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How cities can become more conducive to sustainable travel patterns is a pressing matter in urban research. In the built environment–travel literature, several features potentially promoting sustainable mobility remain under-researched. One concerns the precise role of local accessibility – in terms of the number, variety and specific types of amenities – in promoting the slow modes of walking and cycling and in reducing car use. Another is the possibility that the standard assumption of a linear relationship between density and (un)sustainable travel is flawed. To fill these gaps, we explore specific local amenity supply types that stimulate a large share of residents to walk or cycle, avoiding long drives, to accomplish their daily activities. In a case study of the Västra Götaland region in Sweden, we analyse a combination of high-quality micro data from registers and the national travel survey using a stepwise statistical approach. We find evidence of non-linear discontinuities and significant geographical variation in how local accessibility affects travel behaviour. While more neighbourhood amenities contribute to more walking/cycling, the effect of establishing additional amenities varies amongst neighbourhood types and travel variables. Local everyday services, for example, grocery stores and preschools, are critical in triggering change. The findings inform urban planning by showing how a basic supply of essential amenities could contribute to better prerequisites for walking or cycling and reduced car dependence by inducing residents to choose local options.
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| 10. |
- Larsson, Anders, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Exploring the potential for sustainable accessibility across settlement types. A Swedish case
- 2022
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In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 107
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The potential for residents of smaller urban and rural areas to benefit from sustainable accessibility is an under-researched area. This paper explores accessibility to important every-day amenities within short travel times and how this differs across geography and mode of travel. The analysis draws on a combination of novel open-source data of the transport system and official Swedish register data of the total population of individuals and workplaces geocoded at a 100-meter resolution. The findings show considerable variation in accessibility to everyday amenities by travel mode for different settlement types. While the car provides good accessibility, short trips by bicycle are a very competitive alternative in urban and suburban areas. Access to every-day amenities by active travel modes is limited outside urban areas. Employing accessibility analysis by settlement type offers a powerful policy support tool for planners charged with developing measures to address sustainable accessibility for small urban and rural areas.
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