| 1. |
- Arzpeyma, Niloofar, 1985-
(författare)
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Model Developments to Study Some Aspects of Improving Efficiencies in EAF Plants
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to investigate some aspects of improvements with respect to the energy consumption and raw material selection as well as the understanding of the influence of uncertainties on the performance in electric arc furnace (EAF) plants. The effect of electromagnetic stirring on the scrap melting and post combustion capacity are investigated in two EAFs by using computation fluid dynamic (CFD) models. The results showed that electromagnetic stirring can contribute to a better heat transfer rate at the melt – scrap interface. The Grashof and Nusselt numbers for both electromagnetic stirring and natural convection were estimated, as well as compared to the data from previous studies. Also, the results of the post-combustion in the duct system were used to predict the concentration of uncombusted CO at the possible position to install an off – gas analysis equipment. Also, modeling of the post-combustion in the whole furnace showed that the post-combustion can be improved by increasing the flow rate of the secondary oxygen in a virtual lance burner (VLB) under the meltdown and refining periods of the process. In order to investigate the influence of additions of raw materials on energy, melt composition and slag properties, a static mass and energy balance model is developed. The distribution ratios for metallic elements and dust parameters are calibrated by using process data from an EAF. The model is then applied to investigate the effect of hot briquetted iron (HBI) additions in that particular EAF. The results showed that these additions resulted in an increased electricity consumption and slag amount. The model is then applied to predict how it is possible to adjust the amount of slag formers to reach a desired MgO saturation level. In addition, a statistical model is developed which simulate the melt composition by applying uncertainties in scrap composition, scrap weighing and element distribution factors. The model can estimate the mean and standard deviations in the element concentration of scraps. The results of the model application in an EAF showed that the simulated melt chemical composition is in good agreement with the measured one, when the estimated values for scraps are applied as data in the model.
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| 2. |
- Bai, Haitong, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of swirling flow tundish submerged entry nozzle outlet design on multiphase flow and heat transfer in mould
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0301-9233 .- 1743-2812.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effect of a swirling flow SEN (submerged entry nozzle) outlet design on the multiphase flow and heat transfer in a mould was investigated by using numerical simulation. It was found that different SEN outlet designs could form different flow patterns and temperature distributions on the upper of the mould. The enlarged outlet SEN design had an effect to decrease the horizontal velocity of liquid steel flowing out the SEN outlet, reducing the steel flow velocity towards the solidification front. Although a higher velocity was found near the slag/steel interface with the enlarged outlet SEN, but the turbulent kinetic energy was lower. The reason was that less circulation flows were formed in the region of the mould top. The weak horizontal flow towards the solidification front with the enlarged outlet SEN induced lower wall shear stresses, at the same time it also formed a lower temperature distribution near the solidified shell.
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| 3. |
- Bai, Haitong, et al.
(författare)
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The physical and mathematical modelling of swirling flow by turboswirl in an uphill teeming ingot casting process
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Science and Technology of Steelmaking, ICS 2015. - : Chinese Society for Metals. ; , s. 473-476
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ingot casting is widely used to produce some certain specialty steel grades. During the process of teeming the liquid steel from the ladle to the mould for a final solidification, the high velocity of the liquid steel can result in an uneven flow pattern either in the vertical and horizontal runners or in the mould. This can cause some serious problems, such as a high erosion of refractory walls or a mould flux entrapment. Here, some research indicate that a swirling flow is beneficial for making the flow pattern even and for reducing turbulence in the runners. Recently, a new swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was applied to improve the flow pattern of the liquid steel as it flows into the mould so that a more stable flow could be obtained. The TurboSwirl is located on the intersection of the horizontal and vertical runners near the mould. It generates a tangential flow that can be used with an expanding nozzle with a flaring angle in order to decrease the vertical flow velocity. Moreover, a mathematical model has been developed to optimize the geometry of the physical model. The results shows that a much more beneficial flow pattern can be obtained by reducing the flaring angle or moving the vertical runner to an off-center position of the TurboSwirl, according to the numerical models. Therefore, a water modelling experiment was built, including the TurboSwirl, one mould and the runners. Tracers will be mixed into the water to detect the flow pattern and the velocity of the fluid would be recorded by a digital motion analysis recorder for later analysis. Firstly, different flaring angles of the expanding nozzle were simulated and compared. The results could supply a good support to the following water modelling experiments and to prove that the TurboSwirl setup produces a much calmer initial filling of the mould, compared to a conventional setup.
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| 4. |
- Bölke, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Determinations of Mixing Times in the IronArc Pilot Plant Process
- 2019
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Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI. - 2075-4701. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IronArc is a newly developed technology and an emerging future process for pig iron production. The long-term goal with this technology is to reduce the CO2 emissions and energy consumption compared to existing technologies. The production rate of this process is dependent on the stirring, which was investigated in the pilot plant process by measuring the mixing time in the slag bath. Moreover, slag investigations were done both based on light optical microscope studies as well as by Thermo-Calc calculations in order to determine the phases of the slag during operation. This was done because the viscosity (which is another important parameter) is dependent on the liquid and solid fractions of the slag. The overall results show that it was possible to determine the mixing time by means of the addition of a tracer (MnO2 powder) to the slag. The mixing time for the trials showed that the slag was homogenized after seconds. For two of the trials, homogenization had already been reached in the second sample after tracer addition, which means <= 8 s. The phase analysis from the slag indicated that the slag is in a liquid state during the operation of the process.
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| 5. |
- Ersson, Mikael
(författare)
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Colocated pressure-velocity coupling in finite difference methods
- 2019
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Ingår i: Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal. - : INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD. - 1468-4349 .- 1741-5233. ; 19:5, s. 273-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple method to be used for colocated pressure-velocity coupling in incompressible flows is presented with a full derivation. A number of standard test cases are shown that demonstrate the ability of the method to produce accurate results. The method avoids spurious pressure oscillations while keeping the pressure Poisson equation stencil compact. This is obtained by discretising the continuity and pressure derivatives with first order differences with opposite directions, i.e., backward difference for continuity and forward difference for pressure (BCFP). The equations are also approximated using a forward difference for continuity and a backward difference for pressure (FCBP). In order to obtain a second order approximation the mean between BCFP and FCBP is used, i.e., a central difference. The paper gives a useful alternative to existing methods for pressure-velocity coupling in finite difference methods in which a staggered arrangement is not desirable.
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| 6. |
- Ersson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Review on CFD Simulation and Modeling of Decarburization Processes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Steel Research International. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X. ; 89:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last few decades, a number of CFD models have been dedicated to increasing the understanding of the decarburization processes in steelmaking. However, these processes are highly complex with large variations in time and length, and this makes the systems extremely demanding to simulate. Several reports have been published where parts of the processes have been investigated numerically, but to date no models have been presented that can handle the entire complexity of the processes. Here, a review of the research performed on the subject from 1998 to 2016 is given. A table summarizing the models used and the key focus of the studies is given, and it can be concluded that the effort put in so far to investigate the decarburization in steelmaking is substantial, but not complete. The currently available numerical models give an insight into process parameters such as reactions, mixing time, temperature distribution and thermal losses, off-gas post combustion and de-dusting, and also nozzle configuration. With the recent developments in numerical modeling and the increase in hardware capability, the future of simulation and modeling of the decarburization processes in steelmaking seems bright.
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| 7. |
- Khodabandeh, Erfan, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical investigation of thermal performance augmentation of nanofluid flow in microchannel heat sinks by using of novel nozzle structure : sinusoidal cavities and rectangular ribs
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1678-5878 .- 1806-3691. ; 41:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a numerical simulation of a laminar, steady and Newtonian flow of f-graphene nanoplatelet/water nanofluid in a new microchannel design with factors for increasing heat transfer such as presence of ribs, curves to enable satisfactory fluid mixing and changing fluid course at the inlet and exit sections. The results of this study show that Nusselt number is dependent on nanoparticles concentration, inlet geometry and Reynolds number. As the nanofluid concentration increases from 0 to 0.1% and Reynolds number from 50 to 1000, the Nusselt number enhances nearly up to 3% for increase in fluid concentration and averagely from 15.45 to 54.1 and from 14.5 to 55.9 for geometry with and without rectangular rib, respectively. The presence of ribs in the middle section of microchannel and curves close to hot walls causes a complete mixing of the fluid in different zones. When the nanoparticles concentration is increased, the pressure drop and velocity gradient will become higher. An increased concentration of nanoparticles in contribution with higher Reynolds numbers only increases the fraction factor slightly. (The fraction factor increases nearly 37% and 35% for Re = 50 and 1000, respectively.) The highest uniform temperature distribution can be found in the first zones of fluid in the microchannel and by further movement of fluid toward exit section, because of decreasing difference between surface and fluid temperature, the growth of temperature boundary layer increases and results in non-uniformity in temperature distribution in microchannel and cooling fluid. With decrease in the concentration from 0 to 0.1%, the average outlet temperature and FOM decrease nearby 0.62% and 6.15, respectively.
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| 8. |
- Liu, Yu, et al.
(författare)
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A Review of Physical and Numerical Approaches for the Study of Gas Stirring in Ladle Metallurgy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : SPRINGER. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 50:1, s. 555-577
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a review of the research into gas stirring in ladle metallurgy carried out over the past few decades. Herein, the physical modeling experiments are divided into four major areas: (1) mixing and homogenization in the ladle; (2) gas bubble formation, transformation, and interactions in the plume zone; (3) inclusion behavior at the steel-slag interface and in the molten steel; and (4) open eye formation. Several industrial trials have also been carried out to optimize gas stirring and open eye formation. Approaches for selecting criteria for scaling to guarantee flow similarity between industrial trials and physical modeling experiments are discussed. To describe the bubble behavior and two-phase plume structure, four main mathematical models have been used in different research fields: (1) the quasi-single-phase model, (2) the volume of fluid (VOF) model, (3) the Eulerian multiphase (E-E) model, and (4) the Eulerian-Lagrangian (E-L) model. In recent years, the E-E model has been used to predict gas stirring conditions in the ladle, and specific models in commercial packages, as well as research codes, have been developed gradually to describe the complex physical and chemical phenomena. Furthermore, the coupling of turbulence models with multiphase models is also discussed. For physical modeling, some general empirical rules have not been analyzed sufficiently. Based on a comparison with the available experimental results, it is found that the mathematical models focusing on the mass transfer phenomenon and inclusion behaviors at the steel-slag interface, vacuum degassing at the gas-liquid interface, dissolution rate of the solid alloy at the liquid-solid interface, and the combination of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics need to be improved further. To describe industrial conditions using mathematical methods and improve numerical modeling, the results of physical modeling experiments and industrial trials must offer satisfactory validations for the improvement of numerical modeling.
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| 9. |
- Liu, Yu, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Euler-Euler Approach and Euler–Lagrange Approach to Model Gas Injection in a Ladle
- 2019
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Ingår i: Steel Research International. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X. ; 90:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gas injection in a ladle using a porous plug is simulated using both the Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange approaches. The effects of various forces, bubble sizes, and bubble injection frequencies on the flow pattern are modeled. For predicting axial velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, the Euler-Lagrange approach fits better than Euler-Euler approach with the measured data. In the Euler-Euler approach, differences in axial velocities and turbulent kinetic energies for various bubble sizes mainly appears in the plume zone. In the Euler-Lagrange approach, different bubble sizes with the same injection frequency have a small impact on the turbulence dissipation. Furthermore, the turbulent dispersion from the gas phase to the liquid phase has an important effect on the plume structure and spout eye formation. For both modeling, the smaller the bubble diameter is, the larger the axial velocity and turbulent kinetic dissipation are in the central zone. For the bubble coalescence and breakup, according to the comparison of two modeling approaches, the Euler-Lagrange approach is more accurate in predicting the flow pattern for gas injection with a porous plug in the ladle.
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| 10. |
- Ni, Peiyuan, et al.
(författare)
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Mathematical Modelling Study of Dynamic Composition Change of Steel and Mold Flux in Continuous Casting of Steel
- 2019
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Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : IRON STEEL INST JAPAN KEIDANREN KAIKAN. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 59:11, s. 2024-2035
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A kinetic model was developed to describe multicomponent reactions and mass transfer at the steel/molten flux interface under the effect of the interfacial tension. This model mainly describes the following interfacial physicochemical phenomena: i) Silica decomposition and oxygen adsorption at the interface, ii) Oxygen and titanium reactions at the interface, iii) Oxygen and aluminum reaction at the interface, iv) Silica mass transfer from the flux bulk to the interface, and v) Dissolution of the formed titanium dioxide and alumina into the flux and its transfer in flux. With this model, the dynamic changes of the mold flux composition, steel composition, interfacial oxygen content and interfacial tension for different mold flux compositions were predicted. Overall, the dynamic composition changes of the mold fluxes in a casting mold were reproduced. The basicity of the mold flux shows a large influence on the dynamic change of its composition. The initial composition change of the mold flux is fast when the flux with a high basicity was used, compared with the case of the mold flux with a low basicity. The interfacial oxygen content and the interfacial tension were found to reach a constant value after the steel/flux reaches a metastable state. In addition, the interfacial adsorption of oxygen due to the interfacial tension effect was found to significantly accelerate the dynamic change process of the steel/mold flux system.
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