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1.
  • Hansson, Julia, 1978, et al. (författare)
  • COSTS FOR REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS FROM ROAD AND AIR TRANSPORT WITH BIOFUELS AND ELECTROFUELS
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. - 2282-5819. ; , s. 368-372
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The potential future role of different biofuels, hydrogen, and so-called electrofuels/power-to-X (produced by electricity, water, and carbon dioxide, CO2) in different transportation sectors remains uncertain. The CO2 abatement cost, i.e., the cost for reducing a certain amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is central from a societal and business perspective, the latter specifically in the case of an emission reduction obligation system (like in Germany and Sweden). The abatement cost of a specific fuel value chain depends on the production cost and the GHG reduction provided by the fuel. This paper analyses the CO2 abatement costs for different types of biofuels, biomass-based jet fuels and electrofuels for road transport and aviation, relevant for the Swedish and EU context. Since most assessed alternative fuel pathways achieve substantial GHG emission reduction compared to fossil fuels, the fuel production cost is, in general, more important to achieve a low CO2 abatement cost. The estimated CO2 abatement cost ranges from -0.37 to 4.03 SEK/kgCO2 equivalent. Fuels based on waste feedstock, have a relatively low CO2 abatement cost. Fuel pathways based on electricity or electricity and biomass have relatively high CO2 abatement cost. The CO2 abatement cost for lignocellulosic based pathways generally ends up in between.
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2.
  • Odenberger, Mikael, 1977, et al. (författare)
  • Prospects for CCS in the EU energy roadmap to 2050
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 37, s. 7573-7581
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this paper is to estimate the prospects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the European electricity supply system taking into account possible forthcoming policy based on the recent EU Energy Roadmap communication, which suggests a 93 to 99% reduction in CO2 emissions relative 1990 levels from the electricity sector by the year 2050. Furthermore, the effect of whether or not onshore storage will be accepted is investigated. The work is based on techno-economic modeling of the European electricity generation sector under different assumptions (scenarios) of the future with respect to electricity demand and fuel prices. The results indicate that the contribution from CCS on a member state level depends on local conditions, e.g., access to local fuels like lignite, and whether or not onshore storage will be allowed. Excluding on-shore storage in aquifers, the modeling results give that CCS is centralized around the North Sea. Natural gas fired conventional power plants is likely to be a serious competitor to coal CCS in the short to medium term providing large emission reduction opportunities by fuel shifting from existing coal power plants to new high efficient gas fired combined cycles. Such development can be a barrier for early deployment of CCS, and hence, result in a delay in commercialization of CCS. The scenarios presented in the Energy Roadmap prescribe power systems almost without net CO2 emissions by 2050, which implies that CCS technologies by the year 2050 must be of a zero-emission type. The modeling presented here indicates in general a large increase in technologies with low CO2 emissions, renewables as well as a significant contribution from CCS technologies, where CCS in the investigated scenarios have the potential to contribute as much as 25-35% of total electricity generation at around year 2050.
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3.
  • Pizarro, Amalia, et al. (författare)
  • What is the future potential for imports of combustible municipal waste to countries with extensive district heating networks? A case study of Denmark
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Sardinia 2015 Fifteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium. ; 9788862650212
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Europe, landfilling is the most widely used method for managing municipal solid waste. By contrast, the northern European waste market is characterized by high capacities from energy recovery plants, mostly incineration in cogeneration facilities. In Denmark, there is an overcapacity of incineration plants and this study aims to analyse if import of waste is beneficial during an interim period to divert landfilling or if it might be profitable to invest in overcapacity in the long-term in those countries where heat from incineration can be recovered. The energy and waste management system are described through linking of mathematical models, taking a holistic approach. In the short-term it pays off to import waste, avoiding landfilling; however, in the longer-term, benefits from waste trading will depend on the price of heat markets.
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4.
  • Sotnikov, Artem, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Simulations of a solar-assisted block-heating system
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: ISES Solar World Congress 2017 - IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2017, Proceedings. - Freiburg, Germany : International Solar Energy Society.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Two types of simulation software TRNSYS and Polysun are studied to check their suitability for solar district heating system planning. A reference case, a part of the Vallda Heberg district heating system is modelled in both tools and results are compared with available measured data and with each other. Models are successfully calibrated. TRNSYS and Polysun models have deviations in main key figures compared to the reference case less than 2% and less than 8% respectively. A sensitivity analysis of key parameters shows that the two tools give similar results.
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5.
  • Arvidsson, Rickard, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Using industrial default values for prospective modeling of new materials production – the case of photon upconversion materials for solar modules
  • 2021
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Several approaches to upscaling of materials production processes in the context of prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) have been proposed. Often, such approaches are bottom-up, departing from laboratory-scale descriptions of production processes and from that creating a model of future large-scale production. While such approaches make use of the material-specific knowledge available at the time of the assessment, they often neglect emergent aspects that may be present at factory level. An alternative, more top-down approach is to use industrial default values, i.e. average or typical values of inputs and outputs reflecting materials production today. Since production facilities normally do not change drastically over at least 10 years, such values might be relevant in prospective LCAs, at least given modest time horizons. Such default values can also be modified based on assumptions about future changes, such as increased energy recovery or novel solvent recovery processes. We applied previously derived industrial default values for fine chemical production when modeling the production of two materials with potential use in photon upconversion applications: lead sulfide (PbS) and lead selenide (PbSe) nanoparticles. Photon upconversion means that two low-energy photons are converted into one higher-energy photon utilizable by a solar module. While we used some material-specific values, such as synthesis-specific yields, most auxiliary input and output values (e.g. solvents, inert gas, heat, electricity and emissions) instead represent factory-scale values for current fine chemical production. Considering the availability of both best- and worst-case default values, it was possible to derive ranges for the likely future environmental impacts of the two materials. We conclude that the approach is feasible, but the availability of more up-to-date industrial default values would make it even more relevant in prospective LCAs.
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6.
  • Baldi, Francesco, et al. (författare)
  • The cost of innovative and sustainable future ship energy systems
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: ECOS 2019 - Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. ; , s. 239-250
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The latest guidelines approved by the environmental protection committee of the international maritime organization (IMO) will require the shipping sector to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50% before 2050 and achieve a complete decarbonization by the end of the century. This will require a major change in the way ships are built and operated today. In this paper, we aim at understanding what types of ship energy systems and fuels will be preferable and what will be the costs to achieve the environmental goals set by IMO for shipping. To do this, we approach the question as an MILP problem, with increasingly stringent constraints on the total GHG emissions and with the objective of minimizing the total cost of ownership. We apply this analysis to three ship types (a containership, a tanker, and a passenger ferry) and we determine what type of choice for the ship’s energy systems will be the most optimal, for each ship type. The results show that the most cost-effective pathway towards the elimination of GHG emissions is composed of a first phase with LNG as fuel and with an increasing use of carbon capture and storage, while the full decarbonisation of the shipping sector will require switching to hydrogen as fuel. These results depend only marginally on the type of ship investigated and on the type of regulation enforced. While the costs required to achieve up to 75% GHG emission reduction are relatively similar to the baseline case (50-70% higher), moving towards a full decarbonisation will require a cost increase ranging between 280% and 340% higher than the business as usual.
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7.
  • Haraldsson, Joakim, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Impact analysis of energy efficiency measures in the electrolysis process in primary aluminium production
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy. ; , s. 177-184
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Paris Agreement includes the goals of ‘holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels’ and ‘making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions’. Industrial energy efficiency will play an important role in meeting those goals as well as becoming a competitive advantage due to reduced costs for companies. The aluminium industry is energy intensive and uses fossil fuels both for energy purposes and as reaction material. Additionally, the aluminium industry uses significant amounts of electricity. The electrolysis process in the primary production of aluminium is the most energy- and carbon-intensive process within the aluminium industry. The aim of this paper is to study the effects on primary energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and costs when three energy efficiency measures are implemented in the electrolysis process. The effects on the primary energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and costs are calculated by multiplying the savings in final energy use by a primary energy factor, emissions factor and price of electricity, respectively. The results showed significant savings in primary energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions and cost from the implementation of the three measures. These results only indicate the size of the potential savings and a site-specific investigation needs to be conducted for each plant. This paper is a part of a research project conducted in close cooperation with the Swedish aluminium industry.
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8.
  • Heeren, Niko, et al. (författare)
  • Towards a 2000 Watt society assessing building-specific saving potentials of the Swiss residential building stock
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: World Sustainable Building Conference 2011, October 18-21, 2011, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Switzerland declared the notion of the 2000 Watt society as their leitmotif towards a sustainable development in terms of energy. This implies that worldwide, no more than 17520 kWh of total primary energy and 1 ton CO2-eq. are to be consumed per capita and year for all services. Thus, in order to meet the targets of the 2000-Watt society, it is necessary to reduce primary energy demand by 44% and greenhouse gas emissions by 77%. The building stock model, described in this paper, assisted the government of Zurich to identify the necessary steps in order to achieve the goals with regard to the city‟s residential, school, and office buildings. The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of energy demand reduction in residential buildings on the way towards the goals of a 2000-Watt society.In order to illustrate the mechanisms within the building stock and to identify the effects of construction activity, the model works with different scenarios. Specific measures were isolated and analysed individually. All three measures act directly on the building stock; each have comparable reduction potential in terms of primary energy demand (ca. 15%) and greenhouse gas emissions (ca. 40%). In order to further cut back greenhouse gas emissions, measures to reduce carbon intensity of fuels and electricity need to be considered.
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9.
  • Hermansson, Frida, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental Challenges and Opportunities of Lignin
  • 2019
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Lignin is the most abundant bio-polymer on Earth, gluing the cellulose and hemicellulose fibers together in the tree stem and providing stiffness. Lignin is presently mostly available in side streams of biorefineries and pulp mills (e.g. in the black liquor of the Kraft pulp mill). It is almost always combusted for internal energy use at the plant due to its present low market value. Though lignin can be extracted and valorized, for example via acidification followed by precipitation and membrane filtration or by solvent extraction, this is seldom done today. Nevertheless, lignin is gradually being considered an interesting raw material for various products and applications, ranging from biofuels to carbon fibers. However, in environmental life cycle assessments of lignin-based products, the environmental impacts of lignin production typically have not been accounted for with the rational that lignin is a waste that needs to be taken care off.This argument will no longer be valid when lignin extraction processes are further developed and various markets for lignin open up.   Conducting a life cycle assessment of lignin production is complicated. As lignin is a product of a multi-output process, there will be inherent challenges regarding the choice of system expansion or how to allocate environmental impacts to this product and to other products. Allocation based on economic values is particularly challenging as the market price of lignin and of other products from the process is the basis for allocating impacts, and the future market development for lignin is still rather unexplored and uncertain. The same challenge can be applied to system expansion, as what is being substituted could change in the future.   The aim of the presented study is to provide guidance on how to better assess lignin production in life cycle assessments. The cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of 1 kg of lignin from a Kraft pulp mill is assessed. Different allocation methods as well system expansion by substitution will be applied to the multi-output process to assess and illustrate what influence these will have on the final environmental impacts of the lignin.
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10.
  • Hermansson, Frida, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Life cycle assessment of lignin-based carbon fibres
  • 2018
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • As vehicle manufacturers attempt to decrease the weight of their products, and consequently the fuel consumption during the use phase, carbon fibre reinforced polymers, CFRPs, are becoming more common. However, as the carbon fibre production route has proven to be very energy intensive, CFRP may not perform as well as conventional materials such as steel when using an environmental life cycle perspective. Carbon fibres are usually made from polyacrylonitrile, PAN, a fossil-based polymer. Research has shown that a possible route to reduce the environmental impact from carbon fibres is to replace PAN with a bio-based alternative, such as lignin. Lignin is a main by-product of many biorefinery processes that use ligno-cellulosic material as feedstock. A switch to lignin instead of PAN could reduce the environmental impact of the carbon fibres, decrease the dependence on oil as well as reduce the cost of the carbon fibres. This paper, which is a part of Frida Hermansson PhD-project will include findings from the life cycle assessment of lignin-based carbon fibres as well as discuss how different allocation methods will have effect on the final results. The production of lignin-based carbon fibres was assessed using life cycle assessment. The functional unit was 1 kg of carbon fibres at the factory gate. Results show that replacing PAN with lignin as a precursor fibre material could decrease the energy consumption as well as climate impact. However, as lignin is bio-based, land use will increase. The impact results for the lignin-based carbon fibres largely depend on how much of the environmental impact is allocated to lignin for a given biorefinery process. Lignin’s relatively low price in combination with its large quantity leads to the economic allocation method being the most favourable. Lignin has long been considered a waste product, but as the demand for lignin increases so should the price. This means that the type of allocation applied will have significant influence on the environmental impacts of lignin-based carbon fibres.
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