| 1. |
- Sprei, Frances, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency versus gains in consumer amenities—An example from new cars sold in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 53, s. 490-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technological developments that increase energy efficiency result in net energy-saving benefits, provided the increased efficiency is not offset by enhanced consumer amenities. This paper analyzes the technology development/consumer amenities trade-off for new cars sold in Sweden between 1975 and 2010. We combine lessons learned from the policies in place and interviews with key actors in the car-purchasing process with statistical modeling of trends in vehicle attributes and technological development. Until 2007, consumer amenities were continuously enhanced, offsetting most of the efficiency gains of technological development; there was no strong policy push toward energy efficiency. In recent years, two major shifts have occurred. First, there has been a shift in the majority of new cars sold, from gasoline-powered engines to diesel engines. Flex-fuel vehicles have also contributed to a decline in the sales-share of pure gasoline engines. The observed shift of fuels, especially to flex-fuels, has been encouraged by policies. Second, after 2007 there have been major technological improvements, while attributes related to consumer amenities have remained flat, reversing the trends so that 77% of the technological development resulted in actual reduction of specific fuel consumption. EU targets, tax reforms, and consumer awareness have contributed to this trend change.
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| 2. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Biokombi Rya - slutrapporter från ingående delprojekt
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom projektet Biokombi Rya har ett flertal olika forskargrupper samarbetat för att studera system¬effekterna av förgasning av biobränsle ur olika aspekter. Syftet med projektet är att öka kunskapen om biobränsleförgasning i Sverige samt att utreda förutsättningar för att sådana anläggningar ska vara ekonomiskt och miljömässigt intressanta. En referensgrupp har varit kopplad till projektet där förutsättningar, resultat och slutsatser har behandlats.I denna underlagsrapport har slutrapporterna från projektets delprojekt samlats. De beskriver förutsättningar, metodansatser, använda data och resultat utförligt och utgör på så sätt ett viktigt komplement till den mer övergripande beskrivningen i projektets syntesrapport. De delrapporter som ingår har valts för att täcka in samtliga delar av projektet som är av allmänt intresse. Projektresultat som publicerats på annat sätt berörs dock mer kortfattat.Projektet Biokombi Rya har pågått under två år (2005-2006) och drivits av Chalmers EnergiCentrum. Förutom de omfattande analysinsatser som författarna till denna rapport står för, har Avdelningen för kemisk teknologi vid KTH, Siemens Industrial Turbines AB och Göteborg Energi AB bidragit med expertstöd. CIT Industriell Energianalys, med undertecknad som projektledare, har stått för projektledning och koordination.Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten, Göteborg Energis forsknings¬stiftelse samt Göteborg Energi AB.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Björn A., 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Materials constraints in a global energy scenario based on thin-film solar cells
- 1998
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Ingår i: Energy. - 0360-5442. ; 23, s. 407-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Harnessing solar energy by using photovoltaic cells has the potential to become a major CO2-free energy source. Materials requirements for the solar cells based on four types of thin-film photovoltaics have been estimated and compared with global reserves, resources and annual refining. The use of solar cells based on Cd, Ga, Ge, In, Ru, Se and Te as a major energy-supply technology has severe resource constraints. Other systems such as a-Si without Ge and crystalline silicon do not involve such constraints. For some of these metals, there is the risk of enhanced, environmentally deleterious concentrations in the ecosphere due to leakage from manufacturing, use or waste handling.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hedenus, Fredrik, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The transportation energy carrier of the future. System interactions between the transportation and stationary sectors in a carbon constrained world
- 2009
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Ingår i: 24th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2009, EVS 24; Stavanger; Norway; 13 May 2009 through 16 May 2009. - 9781615674558 ; , s. 803-815
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to examine how the options for producing electricity, fuels, and heat in a carbon constrained world affect cost-effective fuels and propulsion technologies in the transportation sector. GET 7.0, a global energy system model with five end-use sectors, is used for the analysis. We find that an energy system dominated by either solar thermal energy or nuclear power tends to make biofuels in plug-in hybrids cost-effective. If coal with carbon capture and storage dominates the energy system, hydrogen cars, rather than plug-in hybrids tends to become cost-effective. From a Monte Carlo analysis we conclude that the stationary energy system does not alone determine how the transportation sector develops, but that its impact on the absolute and the relative cost of energy carriers has a significant impact on the cost-effectiveness of different propulsion technologies. Thus, analyses of future energy carriers and propulsion technologies need to consider developments in the stationary energy sector.
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| 6. |
- Jonson, Emma, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Electrification potential of the car – estimate from a mid-size Swedish town
- 2010
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Ingår i: 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition: Sustainable Mobility Revolution, EVS 2010; Shenzhen; China; 5 November 2010 through 9 November 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An electrification of vehicles can contribute to increased energy efficiency and decreased air pollution in urban environments. The high vehicle costs involved, especially for the batteries, means that careful considerations of the options are needed. We have investigated the optimal design and potential for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) under various viability conditions with the help of a data set for individual vehicle movements from a mid-size Swedish town. In the estimates each car is equipped with a battery cost-optimized in size with respect to the individual car movement pattern and charging options expressed as the minimum break time interval required for considering recharging. The resulting optimal battery size is relatively small for lower economic viability, but increases with raised charging options. For high economic competitiveness the optimal sizes are larger but decreasing with better recharging possibilities. The results point to a PHEV design strategy with a small battery in an introductory phase and then an increased size when the economic competitiveness is further enhanced. Still the resulting optimal battery size is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. It is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of electrified vehicles that further statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles in various regions are assembled and utilized.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Karlsson, Sten, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Electrification potential of the car – an estimate from a mid-size Swedish town
- 2011
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Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 4:1, s. 82-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An electrification of vehicles can contribute to increased energy efficiency and decreased air pollution in urban environments. The high vehicle costs involved, especially for the batteries, means that careful considerations of the options are needed. We have investigated the optimal design and potential for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) under various viability conditions with the help of a data set for individual vehicle movements from a mid-size Swedish town.In the estimates each car is equipped with a battery cost-optimized in size with respect to the individual car movement pattern and charging options expressed as the minimum break time interval required for considering recharging. The resulting optimal battery sizes are relatively small for lower economic viability, but increase with raised charging options. For high economic competitiveness the optimal sizes are larger, but decrease with better recharging possibilities.The results point to a PHEV design strategy with a small battery in an introductory phase and then an increased size when the economic competitiveness is further enhanced. Still the resulting optimal battery size is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. It is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of electrified vehicles that further statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles in various regions are assembled and utilized.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Karlsson, Sten, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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G4V: Impact and possibilities of a mass introduction of electrified vehicles on the electricity networks in Europe
- 2010
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Ingår i: 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition: Sustainable Mobility Revolution, EVS 2010; Shenzhen; China; 5 November 2010 through 9 November 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electric vehicles (EV), such as battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles have the potential to contribute significantly to solving contemporary and future environmental and economic challenges of mobility. In addition, they constitute new possibilities for smart grid management and the integration of renewable energy sources into electricity networks. The ongoing research project Grid for Vehicles - Analysis of the impact and possibilities of a mass introduction of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles on the electricity networks in Europe, (G4V), is exploring the possibilities and challenges of a mass introduction of EV specifically from the point of view of the electricity sector for a subsequent formulation of a European strategy to support the electric mobility development. The main outcome of the project is a conceptual approach to address the topic of EV in Europe and to subsequently develop a system solution including intelligent controls. It will involve a recommendation for a joint approach, a road map, for European electric mobility for the year 2020 and beyond.
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