| 1. |
- Ahrné, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Tillstånd och trender för arter och deras livsmiljöer – rödlistade arter i Sverige 2015
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 2015 års upplaga av den svenska rödlistan är den fjärde i ordningen. Den är baserad på IUCN:s rödlistningskriterier och revideras vart femte år. I rödlistan bedöms risken som enskilda arter av djur, växter och svampar löper att försvinna från Sverige. Bedömningen utförs av ArtDatabankens medarbetare i samverkan med över 100 externa experter, indelade i 14 expertkommittéer för olika organismgrupper. Under arbetet med 2015 års rödlista har tillstånd och trender bedömts för 21 600 arter och 1 318 lägre taxa (apomiktiska arter, underarter och varieteter), sammanlagt ca 22 900 taxa. Av de bedömda arterna klassificerades 2 029 som hotade (kategorierna CR, EN och VU) och 4 273 som rödlistade (inkluderar även kategorierna NT, RE och DD). Förhållandet mellan antalet rödlistade och antalet bedömda arter ar 19,8 %, vilket är ungefär samma värde som 2010 och 2005. I denna rapport jämförs antalet och andelen rödlistade arter mellan olika organismgrupper, biotoper, substrat och påverkansfaktorer. Texten ar indelad i en allmän del och åtta kapitel inriktade på olika landskapstyper. Landskapstyperna utgör en grov indelning av landets miljöer enligt följande kategorier: Skog, Jordbrukslandskap, Urbana miljöer, Fjäll, Våtmarker, Sötvatten, Havsstränder och Havsmiljöer. Skogen och jordbrukslandskapet är de artrikaste landskapstyperna med 1 800 respektive 1 400 arter som har en stark anknytning dit, och ytterligare flera hundra arter som förekommer där mer sporadiskt. De faktorer som påverkar flest rödlistade arter i Sverige är skogsavverkning och igenväxning, som båda utgör ett hot mot vardera ca 30 % av de rödlistade arterna. Avverkning minskar arealen av skog där naturliga strukturer och naturlig dynamik upprätthålls, och den orsakar därmed förlust av livsmiljöer. Igenväxning orsakas av ett antal faktorer, bland annat upphörande hävd (bete och slåtter), gödsling, trädplantering och brist på naturliga störningsregimer som t.ex. regelbundna översvämningar kring vattendrag och sjöar. Andra viktiga påverkansfaktorer är fiske, torrläggning av våtmarker, tillbakagång hos värdarter (främst alm och ask som drabbats av invasiva svampsjukdomar), klimatförändringar och konkurrens från invasiva arter. IUCN:s rödlisteindex beräknas för ett urval av de bedömda organismgrupperna. Rödlisteindex visar att skillnaderna mellan rödlistorna från 2000, 2005, 2010 och 2015 är små. Ett par undantag finns dock. Groddjur och stora däggdjur har fått en något förbättrad situation sedan 2000. Totalt förefaller det ändå som att trycket mot Sveriges artstock har förblivit relativt konstant under de senaste 15 åren.
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| 2. |
- Sparovek, Gerd, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Asymmetries of cattle and crop productivity and efficiency during Brazil's agricultural expansion from 1975 to 2006
- 2018
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Ingår i: Elementa. - : University of California Press. - 2325-1026. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brazil has global importance for food production and conservation of natural resources. The country has plans to increase yields and commitments to decrease deforestation that require higher productivity. Plans and policies for the growth of Brazilian agriculture, however, have been made without an integrated analysis of the harvest and not supported by a universal metric regarding its efficiency. Applying methods to model flows of energy and matter along food supply chains for agricultural production from 1975 to 2006, we found that crop and cattle harvests and their productivity have increased during the last four decades in consolidated and deforestation frontier regions. Yet in 2006, crop protein production was 20 times larger than cattle protein, using an area 2.6 times smaller than pastures. Crop protein productivity was 0.25 ton.ha(-1) with emissions of 2 ton GHG per ton of protein, while cattle productivity was 0.01 ton.ha(-1) with emissions of 283 ton GHG per ton of protein. From 1975 to 2006, the portion of crop protein and energy going to feed increased while the portion going to direct human consumption decreased. Our findings suggest that more efficient food systems would be achieved by a combination of intensification of cattle systems, optimization of feed-meat systems and an increase in the share of the consumption of crops as a source of protein. We suggest an initial road map to the expansion of the cultivated area and intensification of agriculture for zero deforestation, efficient and sustainable land use and food systems where cattle pasture intensification is a transition that will last until the expansion of crops replace all pasture present on suitable arable land. During this transition, pasture area will decrease until it is limited only to marginal non-arable lands. Such change could be achieved by a robust strategy that combines penalties and incentives and prevents the risks of a rebound effect for the intensification of agriculture.
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| 3. |
- Daneshi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Energy assessment in product chain of pasteurized milk: agronomy, animal farm and processing plant
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecopersia. - 2322-2700. ; 2:3, s. 697-714
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objectives for this study were first to understand and estimate energy consumption in each stage of production and processing of milk using regional data and second, suggesting improvement opportunities. A cradle to gate assessment of market milk was performed by separating the system into three stages: agronomy, animal farm and processing plant. Data were collected from multiple sources e.g. questionnaire, published papers, national and international databases, and the processing plant database. Throughout the study, ISO framework and International Dairy Federation guideline on life cycle assessment were used. The functional unit (FU) was one liter of pasteurized milk packaged in plastic pouch at the processing plant gate. The average energy demand for producing 1 kg of fat-protein corrected milk at farm-gate was 10.8 MJ, although for the final packaged milk, it was 12.5MJ. Main stages in overall energy use of FU were agronomy 68 %, animal farm 19 % and processing plant 13%. The average energy use for raw milk production was 2-5 times higher than previous European reports. To enhance efficiency in this sector, we need to assess other regions’ potentials for feed and milk production and then to focus on agronomy stage for lower energy use by optimization of irrigation, or even importing energy intensive feed such as barley and alfalfa from other countries.
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| 4. |
- Linderholm, Kersti, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of phosphorus alternatives for Swedish agriculture
- 2012
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 66, s. 27- 39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phosphorus is an important nutrient in plant cultivation. Global reserves of phosphate rock worth miningare limited. Reuse of phosphorus in wastewater is therefore important. This LCA study assessedthe environmental impact of four ways to supply Swedish agriculture with phosphorus fertiliser ofacceptable quality as regards cadmium content: mineral fertiliser; certified sewage sludge; struvite(MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitated from wastewater; and phosphorus recovered from sludge incineration.These were examined with respect to impacts on global warming, eutrophication, energy demand andcadmium flows to farmland. The functional unit chosen was 11 kg P (25.2 kg P2O5) to agricultural land,which was the average phosphorus output (removal with harvest) per hectare from Swedish farmlandin 2007. Using sewage sludge directly on farmland was the most efficient option in terms of energyand emissions of greenhouse gases, but also added most cadmium to the soil. Phosphorus recovery fromincinerated sludge was the most energy demanding option and gave most emissions of greenhouse gases.Despite great concerns about cadmium in Swedish fertilisers and sludge, it was found that almost no regularanalyses for cadmium are made on imported food by the authorities, although food imports areconstantly increasing. Total imports of cadmium with food are therefore unknown.
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| 5. |
- Cowie, A. L., et al.
(författare)
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Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology Bioenergy. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1757-1693 .- 1757-1707. ; 13:8, s. 1210-1231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scientific literature contains contrasting findings about the climate effects of forest bioenergy, partly due to the wide diversity of bioenergy systems and associated contexts, but also due to differences in assessment methods. The climate effects of bioenergy must be accurately assessed to inform policy-making, but the complexity of bioenergy systems and associated land, industry and energy systems raises challenges for assessment. We examine misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy and discuss important considerations in assessing these effects and devising measures to incentivize sustainable bioenergy as a component of climate policy. The temporal and spatial system boundary and the reference (counterfactual) scenarios are key methodology choices that strongly influence results. Focussing on carbon balances of individual forest stands and comparing emissions at the point of combustion neglect system-level interactions that influence the climate effects of forest bioenergy. We highlight the need for a systems approach, in assessing options and developing policy for forest bioenergy that: (1) considers the whole life cycle of bioenergy systems, including effects of the associated forest management and harvesting on landscape carbon balances; (2) identifies how forest bioenergy can best be deployed to support energy system transformation required to achieve climate goals; and (3) incentivizes those forest bioenergy systems that augment the mitigation value of the forest sector as a whole. Emphasis on short-term emissions reduction targets can lead to decisions that make medium- to long-term climate goals more difficult to achieve. The most important climate change mitigation measure is the transformation of energy, industry and transport systems so that fossil carbon remains underground. Narrow perspectives obscure the significant role that bioenergy can play by displacing fossil fuels now, and supporting energy system transition. Greater transparency and consistency is needed in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting related to bioenergy.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Alternativa skötselmetoder för ängs- och betesmarker och användning av skördat växtmaterial
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ängs- och betesmarker utgör unika livsmiljöer och är mycket värdefulla för den biologiska mångfalden. I dagsläget är utmaningarna stora i Sverige för att kunna hävda ängs- och betesmarkerna med hög kvalitet, till stor del beroende på det minskande antalet betesdjur och minskat behov av fodermarker. Denna rapport sammanställer aktuell kunskap kring möjliga nya skötselmetoder för våra ängs- och betesmarker samt hur skördat material kan användas som en resurs i samhället. Sammanställningen bygger på vetenskaplig och populärvetenskaplig litteratur, författarnas erfarenheter inom området, samt information om pågående teknikutveckling och praktisk tillämpning. Utmaningarna för att utveckla hävden av ängs- och betesmarker består i huvudsak i att hitta rationella system, dels för hantering av betesdjur och dels för effektiv insamling och användning av biomassa. Vi har identifierat följande skötselmetoder och användningsområden som särskilt intressanta för vidare analyser: 1. Flexibel hävd genom till exempel extensivt bete, varierad hävd genom olika skötselmetoder olika år (hävdföljd), kombination av olika metoder genom till exempel maskinell skörd och bränning eller slåtter i kombination med bete. 2. Maskinanpassad hävd av skogsbeten och lövängar – kombinationen av ängsväxter och träd för såväl biologisk mångfald som kolinlagring och produktion av biomassa (både gräs och träd). 3. Småskalig och situationsanpassad teknik – slåtter och borttransport av biomassa från små och hinderrika fält genom en kombination av motormanuella och rationella lösningar. Detta kräver viss metodutveckling och logistik lämpad för avslagning, uppsamling och transport. 4. Samordning och utveckling av avsättning för biomassan för bioenergiändamål. Användning av ängsbiomassa som biogassubstrat har särskilt stor miljönytta och möjliggör effektivt resursutnyttjande genom att man både utvinner energi och en växtnäringsrik rötrest (biogödsel) samtidigt som markerna hävdas. Flera nya studier visar på små eller inga skillnader när slåtter genomförs med skärande eller klippande redskap (lie och knivslåtterbalk) jämfört med roterande redskap (rotorslåttermaskiner med vassa knivar eller röjsnöre). Denna kunskap öppnar upp för maskinell skötsel av slåtterängar som annars hotas av utebliven hävd.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bellon-Maurel, V., et al.
(författare)
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Streamlining life cycle inventory data generation in agriculture using traceability data and information and communication technologies - Part II: Application to viticulture
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 87:1, s. 119-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agricultural systems are increasingly subjected to environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) but generating life cycle inventory (LCI) data in agriculture remains a challenge. In Part I, it was suggested that traceability data are a good basis for generating precise LCI with reduced effort, especially when collected by efficient information and communication technologies (ICTs). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate this for wine grape production and generate a list of data to be collected for streamlined LCI generation. The study is carried out in the South of France, on a viticultural farm implementing electronic traceability of each cultivation operation, i.e. tillage, fertilisation, crop protection, weeding, canopy management and harvesting (no irrigation is needed at this vineyard). For each operation, specific emission models which satisfy the trade-off between accuracy and need for data have been identified. Traceability data must be supplemented with data related to the plot, equipment and inputs to feed the models. The sensitivity of the LCA outputs to plot soil type and year of cultivation was studied. Consistent with previous agricultural studies, the results show that operations such as pesticide spraying and fertilising have large environmental impacts in this Mediterranean vineyard. Notable variations occur in life cycle impact assessment indicators, principally due to variations in crop yield; however, the influence of secondary factors such as soil type and agricultural practices is also evident and this contribution allows us to better characterise the variability of grape production and to show that streamlined LCI can be created using traceability data. Ultimately, this paper delivers two results. It provides simple models, and relevant data and methodology to enable viticultural LCAs to be undertaken. Additionally, it demonstrates that accurate LCIs can be built based on data already collected for traceability when supplemented with other easily collectable data (weather and farm structural data). Overall, this work paves the way for streamlined LCI in agriculture.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Climate effects of bioenergy from forest residues in comparison to fossil energy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 138, s. 36-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest residues can be left at the harvest site to gradually decompose, or can be collected for energy purposes. This study analyzes the primary energy and climate impacts of bioenergy systems where forest residues are collected and used for electricity, heat and transportation, compared to fossil-based energy systems where fossil fuels provide the same services while forest residues are left on site to decompose. Time profiles are elaborated of primary energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from various energy applications fulfilled by bioenergy or fossil energy systems. Different biological decay functions are considered based on process-based modeling and inventory data across various climate zones. For all scenarios, the changes in cumulative radiative forcing (CRF) are calculated over a 300-year period, to evaluate the short- and long-term contributions of forest residue to climate change mitigation. A life cycle perspective along the full energy chains is used to evaluate the overall effectiveness of each system. The results show largest primary energy and climate benefits when forest residues are collected and used efficiently for energy services. Using biomass to substitute fossil coal provides greater climate change mitigation benefits than substituting oil or fossil gas. Some bioenergy substitutions result in positive CRF, i.e. increased global warming, during an initial period. This occurs for relatively inefficient bioenergy conversion pathways to substitute less carbon intensive fossil fuels, e.g. biomotor fuel used to replace diesel. More beneficial bioenergy substitutions, such as efficiently replacing coal, result immediately in reduced CRF. Biomass decay rates and transportation distance have less influence on climate benefits.
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