| 1. |
- Daneshi, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Environmental Impact of Water Use in Life Cycle of Milk Production
- 2016
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In: JOURNAL OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES). - 2008-7764. ; 69:4, s. 997-1015
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Water has a key role in dairy industry and life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the tools for environmental assessment of products & processes. A cradle to gate assessment of market milk was performed by separating the system into three sub-systems: agronomy, animal farm and processing plant. Data were gathered from multiple sources e.g. published papers, questionnaire, national and international databases, and the processing plant. Throughout the study, ISO framework and IDF guideline on LCA were used. The functional unit for reporting results was one liter of pasteurized milk (2.5% fat) packaged in plastic pouch. Finally, to quantify and assess the environmental impacts from blue water consumption, parameters of a global water impacts assessment model were modified and used in this case study. In production of one FU, about 370 liters of water is needed mostly for feed production. Feed agriculture sub-system alone withdraws 97% of total. Throughout the market milk product chain, about 40 and 28% of total water withdrawal come from alfalfa and barley production mainly from irrigation. In production of one FU, modified model’s estimate for the impact on human health with the unit of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) was about 0.35*10-6, and its estimated value for the impact on ecosystem quality was 0.324 m2*y.
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| 2. |
- Hooshyar Yousefi, Bahram, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Clues for Identity Formation in Contemporary Architectureof Iran : A search for the lost identity
- 2015
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In: Designer Magazine. - Iran. - 2008-9538. ; :11
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The buildings are one of the most resistant and at the same time exclusive creatures of human beings in different civilizations. In the past, the most significant impact of each society was the scale and hugeness of their buildings as a direct mirror of their power among other nations. Also theirs buildings were intelligent and practical enough to respect the nature and the user by means of implementing local achievements. The mentioned respect was not just for the nature, but it was caring about the beliefs, feelings, costumes and lifestyle of the inhabitants. Architecture in its scenario, since the commencement till now was in struggle to locate itself as the historical image of different styles and in this procedure it updates itself according to different forms, spaces, climates etc. within this frame, when we shift the lens on contemporary architecture of Iran which has got long history and background, the notion of identity becomes one of the main issues on the table. Identity could be discussed in diverse scale starting from human to the society, but when an architect tries to reflect identical phenomena in his/her design there are two contradictory orientations. Some of them are digging into the history to find clues of identity and reflect them in contemporary design but the other group has got too much radical view which means neglecting of classical architecture and looking for identity in more prospective perspective. The notion of identity and culture could alter from architect to architect, building to building and form to form. This article tries to give some clues and base points in order to bring two mentioned radical perspectives to a kind of mid-point which could possibly be a guideline for the cure of contemporary architecture in Iran.
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