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- Andersson Schaeffer, Jennie, 1974-
(author)
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Communication space : Spatial design in manufacturing industry
- 2011
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main concern of this licentiate thesis is to discuss how built space is used for communication in the manufacturing industry, from a visual communication perspective. The thesis presents and develops the notion of 'communication space' and presents a model to describe the relation between different factors in the communication space. In a multiple case study, six different cases from the manufacturing industry are described and analyzed to highlight how built space is used for communication in a lean production context. Research results on how built spaces such as improvement places, meeting places and a development workshop affect improvement processes and communication are presented. What the studied improvement areas, meeting places and workshop can be said to communicate about the improvement processes is analyzed. The research results show that the built spaces in manufacturing industry are used for communication on two levels, both as places for interaction between employees and as a part of a communication process. The study also shows a relation between architecture from a specific time and the relation to the improvement work in the industrial context. How the results can be used to facilitate communication in the built spaces used for improvement processes in manufacturing industry is suggested in the thesis.
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| 2. |
- Andersson Schaeffer, Jennie, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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The method of photo-elicitation from a phenomenological perspective.
- 2014
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In: <em>Proceedings of</em> <em>13<sup>th</sup> International design conference Design 2014</em>. ; , s. -58
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a growing interest in the relation between workspace design and innovation. On the one hand, is the idea of designing an “innovation lab” that supports innovation. There are substantial financial investments involved when creating an innovation lab and there is evidence that such spaces can have short useful lifespan and some of them fail because they are not used as intended [Lewis and Moultrie 2005; Fayard and Weeks 2011]. On the other hand, workspaces can be altered by the users for short or long terms to support innovation activities. The users hence become spatial designers themselves. A gap exists in research on the underlying mechanisms, architecture, and dynamics by which organisations can create an environment supporting continuous improvements and radical innovation on both individual and organisational levels [Turner, Swart and Maylor 2013, Turner and Lee-Kelly 2013]. From design research we can contribute with a perspective on the underlying mechanisms and the dynamics in play in the area of workspace design and innovation. We can form the design research for the innovation labs, i.e. utopian specifically designed spaces for innovation, or the relationship between innovation, users and daily workspaces. We have chosen to acknowledge and study the complexity in relations between users, daily workspaces and innovation. Our hypothesis was that photo-elicitation could be a method to study that weave of complexity and research underlying dynamics.In this article we discuss the method of the photo-elicitated interview (PEI), as a tool in human-centred design research with respect to context and workspace. A phenomenological perspective focus on the human experience, examine and clarify situations, events and experiences as they occurs spontaneously in daily life (Seamon, 2000). This article intend to provide background theories from phenomenology and examples from an empirical study to discuss if and how PEI is instrumental in getting information from interviewees about their relation to their workspaces and innovation. Although the phenomenological theoretical perspective is relevant and therefore used here to describe human relation to workspaces and discuss the method, our use of specific notions from phenomenology aims firstly to support the analyse of the method to inform design research, and is not intended develop the phenomenological concepts themselves.
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| 3. |
- Enquist, Magnus, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Modelling the evolution and diversity of cumulative culture
- 2011
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In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 366:1563, s. 412-423
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous work on mathematical models of cultural evolution has mainly focused on the diffusion of simple cultural elements. However, a characteristic feature of human cultural evolution is the seemingly limitless appearance of new and increasingly complex cultural elements. Here, we develop a general modelling framework to study such cumulative processes, in which we assume that the appearance and disappearance of cultural elements are stochastic events that depend on the current state of culture. Five scenarios are explored: evolution of independent cultural elements, stepwise modification of elements, differentiation or combination of elements and systems of cultural elements. As one application of our framework, we study the evolution of cultural diversity (in time as well as between groups).
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| 4. |
- Hellman, Anette, 1963, et al.
(author)
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'Don't be Such a Baby!' : Competence and Age as Intersectional Co-markers on Children's Gender
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Early Childhood. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0020-7187 .- 1878-4658. ; 46:3, s. 327-344
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to show how norms about age intersect with gender and thus create social positions about incompetent and competent children. The paper also analyzes the relationship between gender, incompetence, and notions of ‘the baby.’ The theoretical framework uses concepts taken from gender theory (Butler, Gender trouble. Feminism and the subversion of identity, 1990, Bodies that matter. On the discursive limits of ‘sex,’ 1993; Thure ́n, Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift 3–4:69–85, 1996) and the data are analyzed from an intersectional perspective with regard to gender and age. The material is taken from ethnographic observations conducted over the course of two years at two Swedish preschools. The result shows that norms about age and competence in early childhood are stressed in different ways at preschools. Norms about age often manifest in relation to incompetence. In the study, older preschool children understood the meaning of ‘incompetence’ as lacking control and acting in ways that could be disciplined in various ways depending on the child’s gender. Age is also a marker of status among children and all the children we observed wanted to be identified as ‘big.’ We conclude that when age is emphasized, gender norms are also stressed. The notion of ‘being a baby’ constitutes a powerful way to police the border between those who are and are not gendered subjects. This study highlights the importance that age holds even for young children as they negotiate and naturalize the notions of two different genders. It also shows how important it is to be clearly gendered in order to be understood and be considered normal.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Dodig Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955, et al.
(author)
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Natural Computing/ Unconventional Computing and its Philosophical Significance
- 2012
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In: Entropy. - : MDPI AG. - 1099-4300. ; 14:12, s. 2408-2412
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- For the Turing year 2012, AISB (The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour) and IACAP (The International Association for Computing and Philosophy) merged their annual symposia/conferences to form the AISB/IACAP World Congress. The congress took place 2–6 July 2012 at the University of Birmingham, UK. The Congress was inspired by a desire to honour Alan Turing, and by the broad and deep significance of Turing's work to AI, the philosophical ramifications of computing, and philosophy and computing more generally. The Congress was one of the events forming the Alan Turing Year. The Congress consisted mainly of a number of collocated Symposia on specific research areas, together with six invited Plenary Talks. All papers other than the Plenaries were given within Symposia. This format is perfect for encouraging new dialogue and collaboration both within and between research areas. This volume forms the proceedings of one of the component symposia. We are most grateful to the organizers of the Symposium for their hard work in creating it, attracting papers, doing the necessary reviewing, defining an exciting programme for the symposium, and compiling this volume. We also thank them for their flexibility and patience concerning the complex matter of fitting all the symposia and other events into the Congress week
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| 8. |
- Ehn, Micael
(author)
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Temporal discounting leads to social stratification
- 2012
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In: The Journal of mathematical sociology. - 0022-250X .- 1545-5874. ; 36:4, s. 245-255
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Social stratification is present in all modern societies. Do income differences simply reflect inherited differences in individual abilities and resources? If not, why does not everyone choose strategies that lead to high income? This article shows that the psychological phenomenon known as temporal discounting will lead to differences in educational attainment and social stratification in any society where the demand for workers with a higher level of education is higher than for those with a lower level. The model is used to predict income differences between people with and without college education in seven developed countries, based only on official statistics of the cost and length of college education. The model explains 93% of the variance, strongly suggesting that temporal discounting is a major factor behind income differences.
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Nursing under the skin : a netnographic study of metaphors and meanings in nursing tattoos.
- 2014
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In: Nursing Inquiry. - : Wiley. - 1320-7881 .- 1440-1800. ; 21:4, s. 318-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of this study were to present themes in nursing motifs as depicted in tattoos and to describe how it reflects upon nursing in popular culture as well as within professional nursing culture. An archival and cross-sectional observational study was conducted online to search for images of nursing tattoos that were freely available, by utilizing the netnographic methodology. The 400 images were analyzed in a process that consisted of four analytical steps focusing on metaphors and meanings in the tattoos. The findings present four themes: angels of mercy and domination; hegemonic nursing technology; embodying the corps; and nurses within the belly of the monster. The tattoos serve as a mirror of popular culture and the professional culture of nurses and nursing practice within the context of body art. Body art policy statements have been included in nursing personnel dress code policies. Usually these policies prohibit tattoos that are sexist, symbolize sex or could contribute and reproduce racial oppression. The results show that the tattoos can be interpreted according to several layers of meanings in relation to such policies. We therefore stress that this is an area highly relevant for further analyses in nursing research.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(author)
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The hard problem of cooperation
- 2012
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:7, s. e40325-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on individual variation in cooperative inclinations, we define the “hard problem of cooperation” as that of achieving high levels of cooperation in a group of non-cooperative types. Can the hard problem be solved by institutions with monitoring and sanctions? In a laboratory experiment we find that the answer is affirmative if the institution is imposed on the group but negative if development of the institution is left to the group to vote on. In the experiment, participants were divided into groups of either cooperative types or non-cooperative types depending on their behavior in a public goods game. In these homogeneous groups they repeatedly played a public goods game regulated by an institution that incorporated several of the key properties identified by Ostrom: operational rules, monitoring, rewards, punishments, and (in one condition) change of rules. When change of rules was not possible and punishments were set to be high, groups of both types generally abided by operational rules demanding high contributions to the common good, and thereby achieved high levels of payoffs. Under less severe rules, both types of groups did worse but non-cooperative types did worst. Thus, non-cooperative groups profited the most from being governed by an institution demanding high contributions and employing high punishments. Nevertheless, in a condition where change of rules through voting was made possible, development of the institution in this direction was more often voted down in groups of non-cooperative types. We discuss the relevance of the hard problem and fit our results into a bigger picture of institutional and individual determinants of cooperative behavior.
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