| 1. |
- Forsberg, Per, 1972-
(author)
-
Pengar som ristningar på träpinnar : Icke-monetära pengars funktion för fungerade lagbildningar
- 2015
-
In: Historisk Tidskrift. - : Svenska historiska föreningen. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 135:3, s. 401-431
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Notches on wooden sticks: the role of non-coin money in village organizationLocal money in the form of notched sticks played a significant role in selfregulated organization of exchange in villages in 16th- and 17th-century Sweden. This kind of money is an example of non-coin money that only existed as money of account, or more precisely only as notches on wooden sticks (tally-sticks).The article argues that it is impossible to speak of local money as an isolated unit. Instead, the money symbolized by notches was interwoven with credit-networks and social relations. This helps to explain how local money made cooperation possible. Moreover, the local money of account was connected to credit systems and social relations, which explains why adoption of modern credit forms as well as changes in social relations were slow to develop in many localities.Using a perspective based in accounting history and anthropology, which sees money as credit, this article contributes to heterodox theories of money that seeks to explain the functions and social relations of different kinds of money.The money system linked to the notched sticks can be seen as variation of today’s community currencies that make different social actions possible and which are constructed for special purposes. Often one stick was created for a specific activity. In other words, the farmers created their own money for different purposes. For example, there were turn-taking sticks for ploughing snow, feeding the bull, delivering the post or providing transportation for the local clergy etc. Such sticks were often connected to sticks that recorded failure to deliver services. Persons who had not done their daily work had to do more days of work in the future. Other sticks could be used to remember and calculate how much timber or workdays different farms contributed to buildings such as the common mill or saw and how much of it was used. Such sticks made it possible to calculate and ensure that rights and obligations were distributed according to egalitarian principles. In such cases money as notches was used as calculative money and made possible value reciprocity.The article is based on ethnographic and historical literature together with the Nordic Museum’s collection of notched sticks, including information about their usage; the Nordic museum’s questionnaires about village organization in the beginning of the 20th century; and private research archives.
|
|
| 2. |
- Mannberg, Andrea, et al.
(author)
-
Påverkar skatteundantag hushållens benägenhet att köpa miljöbilar? En studie av Stockholms trängselskatt
- 2015
-
In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 43:1, s. 32-39
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sedan januari 2006 är in- och ut-passage genom tullarna i Stockholm belagt med en avgift för bilister. Som ett led i riksdagens mål att helt eliminera utsläppen av växthusgaser 2050 och ha en bilpark oberoende av fossila bränslen 2030 (Regeringens proposition 2008/09:162) undantogs sk miljöbilar från trängselskatten mellan 2006 och 2009. I denna studie har vi undersökt om undantaget av miljöbilar från trängselskatten i Stockholm påverkade sannolikheten att köpa etanolbil (E85). Våra resultat visar att undantaget för etanolbilar i trängselskatten hade en signifikant effekt på etanolbilsförsäljningeni Stockholm.
|
|
| 3. |
- Grönberg, Per-Olof, et al.
(author)
-
Desirable skills? : Non-Nordic citizens applying for work permits in Sweden, 1947–1950
- 2015
-
In: Labor history. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0023-656X .- 1469-9702. ; 56:4, s. 481-498
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden's rapid economic growth after the Second World War meant that the native labour supply was incapable of meeting the high demand, especially for industrial labourers. Three agreements on organised collective transfers were signed, but a large majority of the labour migrants came on their own initiative. Not all applicants were equally welcomed. In this article, logistic regressions are used to investigate a sample of 2830 (every fifth) applications to the National Labour Market Board (AMS) from the years 1947–1950; 1367 had an arrangement with a future Swedish employer, while 1463 applicants lacked such an arrangement. The likelihood of being granted a permit was 11 times higher for the first category. Our hypothesis that the chances were better for high-skilled workers proved true only in part; it was valid if they had an employer agreement. Contrary to our assumptions, women had a better chance than men, partly because domestic servants were always permitted and partly because women did not compete with male labour. However, our assumptions with regard to better chances for the young but experienced, and for those applying for the occupation wherein they had their experience held true. A number of official documents revealed the desirability of Sudeten German labourers. They were viewed as skilled, reliable and loyal by employers, labour unions and governmental authorities. This assumption only held true for applicants lacking an employer. This can be viewed as a prolongation of the practice of helping Sudeten German Social Democrats, established in 1938. The intention to help refugees was, however, also evident in the treatment of Baltic and Polish applicants.
|
|
| 4. |
- Dahlström, Malin, 1979
(author)
-
Cement Cartels in the United States and Sweden during the Twentieth Century: How Did the Cartel Legislation Affect the Cement Industry?
- 2015
-
In: Business History Conference, BHC-EBHA Meeting June 24-27 2015, Miami, Florida.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The cement industry in Sweden and US has evolved differently because of the legislation surrounding competition in the two countries. In Sweden the cement producers engaged in a cartel and sales company already in the end of the 19th century. During the 20th Century the concentration process in the industry continued gradually, ending up with monopoly in the 1970s. In US the cement producers were scattered and the authorities intertwined in what they considered anti-competitive behavior. The Federal Trade Commission broke up the basing point system in the 1940s and the vertical integration into ready mixed concrete in the 1960s. In the1960s and 1970s the structural change took off in US, old plants closed and many mergers and acquisitions took place, this change had already occurred in Sweden 20 years before. The biggest difference between the two countries’ cement industry have been the export ratio. Sweden has from almost the start been exporting cement, while US imported cement in the beginning and the industry have never taken on exporting. Both industries have been highly regulated, but by different actors; US by the antitrust authorities and Sweden by the cartel.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Hermele, Kenneth, 1948
(author)
-
The Migration and Development Nexus: Looking for a Triple Win
- 2015
-
Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- 250 million people are migrants today (excluding refugees and internal migrants), contributing to the development of their countries of destination as well as to the well-being of their families, societies and countries of origin. A migrant today is just as likely to be a woman looking for job in the social and domestic sectors, as a man working in industry or construction. SouthàSouth migration is as important as SouthàNorth migration. The global flows of remittances, a consequence of these migratory movements, are as significant within the South as from North to South. The view that migration constitutes a triple win – to the migrants themselves, to the countries of destination, and to the families, societies and countries of origin – although not entirely new has only recently come to permeate the Migration and Development discourse. Two drivers are behind this change in perspective: • Firstly, the understanding that migrant remittances are large – dwarfing Official Development Assistance – and resilient in times of crisis – compared to Foreign Direct Investments. • Secondly, the understanding of the benefits which could be reaped from the links existing between the diasporas of migrants in countries of destination and the social, political and economic processes of development of the societies of origin. But although the potential has been recognized, there still exist important weaknesses in today’s global migration regime, the most important being • One, the costs of transferring remittances, which although they have been reduced still absorb a chilling 36 billion USD annually. The ambition of the recently tabled Sustainable Development Goals of reducing transfer costs to 3 per cent still remains to be operationalized. • Two, steps to secure migrants social, economic and political rights at both ends of the migration trajectory remains to be guaranteed, such as the right of migrants to vote while remaining in their countries of destination, and the right to transfer their acquired social rights (such as pensions) if they choose to return to their country of origin. In addition, union rights and other social rights need to be secured. • Three, diaspora organisations and so called Home Town Associations need to be supported as they are crucial vehicles to bridge the Origin/Destination divide and keep the migrants connected to their countries of origin while simultaneously facilitating their integration in the countries of destination. After surveying the evidence on the Migration and Development Nexus, sourced from academic studies and reports published by international organisations and Civil Society Organisations, this report concludes that migration in all its guises and directions will remain an essential component of the global economy, as ever more resources, goods, ideas and people cross borders.
|
|
| 10. |
- Likić-Brborić, Branka, 1956-, et al.
(author)
-
Labour rights as human rights? : trajectories in the global governance of migration
- 2015. - 1
-
In: Migration, precarity, and global governance. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198728863 ; , s. 223-244
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this chapter Branka Likić-Brborić addresses the emerging global governance of migration. She scrutinizes the structuring of human and labour rights discourses and contingencies for their institutionalisation and implementation by discussing their prospects for the promotion of global social justice. Issues of accountability and contingencies for the implementation of labour and human rights as migrants’ rights are discussed in the wider context of the existing global governance architecture. The chapter questions assumptions that setting up a workable model for codification and institutionalisation of labour standards, human rights and migrants’ rights could be left to a currently asymmetric global governance regime or to a variety of codes of corporate social responsibility. Global and regional trade union confederations and other civil society organizations have an essential role in repositioning a rights-based approach to migration, labour standards and development onto the terrain of a just globalisation.
|
|
