| 1. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973
(author)
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Developing Theoretical and Empirical Definitions of Safety Problems in Driving Suitable for Active Safety Function Evaluation
- 2009
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In passive safety, the requirement specifications used for evaluation of protective functions are both standardised and specified at a high level of detail regarding evaluation scenario definition, performance metrics and pass/fail criteria. For active safety, while several propositions for evaluation scenarios have been made, neither these, nor performance metrics and pass/fail criteria have yet reached a similar level of detail and standardisation. The objective of this thesis is to address two underlying reasons for this difference. One is theoretical in nature. On a general level, a set of principles and concepts which capture the fundamental ideas of a field of science can be called a conceptual framework. For active safety function evaluation, such a framework is currently lacking. To address this issue, a conceptual framework called Situational control was developed. The framework integrates fundamental ideas relevant for active safety function evaluation into a holistic and practically applicable picture. Its applicability was demonstrated by applying it in the context of writing and implementing requirement specifications for active safety function evaluation.The second reason is of empirical character. To evaluate the extent to which active safety functions prevent and/or mitigate crashes, it is essential to characterize the sequence of events which leads to collisions in a way which includes information on causal factors. To do this, data from official databases (macroscopic data), and in-depth case studies is often used. Macroscopic data is usually statistically representative but has limited information on why crashes happen, while the opposite is true of case studies. Using the two in combination would therefore seem ideal. However, the principles for connecting them are far from clear and current approaches suffer inherent weaknesses. To address this issue, a generalization methodology which links information in case studies to macroscopic crash types, in a way which covers not only context but also causation similarity, was developed. The feasibility of the methodology was tested through application on three sets of intersection crash data. Results indicate that the methodology was sufficiently successful to warrant further exploration with larger data sets.
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| 2. |
- Dahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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The relation between realism in confidence judgements and the phenomenological quality of recognition memory when using emotionally valenced pictures
- 2006
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 20:6, s. 791-806
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between the phenomenological quality of memory (Tulving, 1985) and the realism (validity) in confidence judgement when using emotional pictures (I.A.P.S; Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988). A series of three experiments was completed where the participants judged the phenomenological quality of their memory and/or their confidence. The results showed facilitation for the negative pictures in a matrix search task in the encoding phase, where negative pictures were more easily and quickly detected, compared to positive ones. In the memory phase of the experiments a higher degree of recollective experience (a larger proportion of 'remember' responses) was found for negative pictures. A higher level of confidence for recognition of negative pictures than for positive ones was obtained, but no general valence dependent effect on the realism in the confidence judgement was found. However, when analysing only the remember responses, negative pictures showed higher overconfidence than the positive pictures. The results support that a recollective experience induces higher confidence and overconfidence.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Häkkänen, Helinä, et al.
(author)
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Police officers’ views of effective interview tactics: The effects of weight of case evidence and discomfort with ambiguity
- 2009
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. ; 23, s. 468-481
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the effects of case-specific facts and individual discomfort with ambiguity (DA) on investigators’ beliefs concerning effective interviewing tactics for suspects. Violent crime investigators (n = 30) responded to a questionnaire including the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) and ratings of the importance of 39 interrogation tactics in two hypothetical interrogations with a homicide suspect, where the evidence consisted of either technical evidence or soft information. Twenty tactics were analysed with a multidimensional scaling procedure which confirmed two discrete interviewing themes: humane and dominant. More tactics, both dominant and humane, were rated as important if the evidence was soft compared with technical. In the soft evidence condition, investigators who were high on DA rated both types of tactics as more important than did low-DA investigators. In the technical evidence condition, no such difference emerged.
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| 5. |
- Jensen, Mikael, 1969
(author)
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Hjärnan lär sig att sluta härmas
- 2009
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In: Forskning och Framsteg. - : Stiftelsen Forskning och Framsteg. - 0015-7937. ; 44:7, s. 18-21
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Människans tanke- och handlingsförmåga är unik. Men det är också hennes förmåga att avstå från vissa tankar och handlingar.
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| 6. |
- Boalt Boëthius, Siv, et al.
(author)
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Om grupphandledning och vägen från klinisk erfarenhet till systematisk forskning.
- 2008
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In: Mellanrummet. - 1404-5559 .- 2000-8511. ; 19, s. 45-60
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I denna artikel beskrivs vad som väckte vårt intresse för att på ett mer systematiskt sätt utforska grupphandledning som en specifik form för lärande. Som kliniker får man sällan en bild av vad som ligger bakom de forskningsfrågor som ställs. I allmänhet redovisas teoretisk bakgrund, frågeställningar, metoder och resultat som mer eller mindre givna. I verkligheten är det dock sällan så, särskilt inte när det gäller kliniknära forskning, som drivs av en önskan om en fördjupad förståelse, ofta personligt förankrad, av problemområden som gett upphov till specifika frågor.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Anneli, 1974
(author)
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Interviewing child witnesses
- 2005
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The general aim of this thesis was to examine interviewing techniques for child witnesses. Specifically, the effectiveness of the cognitive interview with children was investigated. In addition, the self-reported practice of police officers who interview child witnesses was explored. The principal objective of Study I was to explore how the cognitive interview affects children's recall after a long delay. In Study II the effects of the cognitive interview on the validity of a reliability assessment technique, the Reality Monitoring technique, was assessed. Study III examined whether the cognitive interview would be improved by physical reinstatement of sensations. Study VI investigated the self-reported practice of police officers who interview child witnesses in the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and Sweden . In study I, 10-11-year-old children (20 girls and 29 boys) saw a film. Half of the children were interviewed after seven days and half after six months. At each test session, half were interviewed according to a cognitive interview (CI), and half according to a structured interview (SI). The children in the CI condition recalled significantly more correct information than the children in the SI condition, both after seven days and after six months. Study II examined whether the Reality Monitoring framework is a valid method for assessing the reliability of statements obtained from a CI. Fifty-eight 10-11-year-old children (27 girls and 31 boys) participated. One-third watched a film and were interviewed according to a CI and two-thirds made up a story and were interviewed according to either a CI or a SI. The CI statements based on observed events contained more visual, affective, spatial and temporal information compared to CI statements based on imagined events. The CI statements based on imagined events did not differ from the SI statements based on imagined events. Considerable developmental work is needed to turn the Reality Monitoring technique into a valid reliability assessment technique. In study III, 6-7-year-old children (38 girls and 37 boys) were presented with a smell, a song and a taste while watching a live event. Each child was allocated to one of five interview types; the CI , the SI , the CI while physically reinstating either the same smell, sound or taste as was present during the live event. No significant differences were found between the interview types. In study IV, 230 police officers (159 women and 71 men) from the United Kingdom ( n = 59), the Netherlands ( n = 49), and Sweden ( n = 123) completed a questionnaire on how to interview child witnesses. Significant differences were found between the three countries. Despite possible discrepancies between actual and self-reported practice, the results support that adequate training being available to practitioners is crucial. In sum, this thesis demonstrates that the cognitive interview can be used successfully with children, both after shorter and longer delays. The results also indicate that children's recall is sensitive to interviewer interference. Finally, practitioners and researchers are advised to work together to increase the benefits of future research on interviews with children.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Monica, 1961
(author)
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On the influence of stress on crew and passengers during evacuation
- 2005
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In: RINA, Royal Institution of Naval Architects International Conference - Human Factors in Ship Design, Safety and Operation. ; , s. 123-132
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abandoning a ship out in the open sea will always imply great risks for everyone involved. Different types of technical systems are to be handled; problems will occur and will have to be solved and difficult decisions will have to be made. Furthermore large groups of people with little or no knowledge of the evacuation procedures are to be handled. This is often made worse because the weather is bad and everyone involved are frightened and under stress. A few of the constituent parts which have an effect on the probability to achieve a successful evacuation are stress, individual and group reactions and the demands the crew and passengers have to face up to. Stress is an involuntary reaction to a threat or to a situation which is apprehended by the individual as threatening. The consequences of stress are both physical and psychological. Stress can to a certain level sharpen our senses and abilities but more often stress dramatically decreases our ability to function in demanding and threatening situations such as an evacuation. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to test and evaluate evacuation equipment during realistic circumstances. An alternative to this is to model the process. To be able to model the process of evacuation human behaviour and the effect of stress need to be quantified in order to establish input values to this model.
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| 9. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Why emotions matter: A test of stereotype and empathy accounts of the 'emotional victim effect'
- 2009
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In: 19th Conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law, 2-5 September, Sorrento, Italy.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It has been shown repeatedly that rape victims displaying controlled behavior when recounting the crime are judged as less credible than victims displaying negative emotions. Researchers have assumed that this is a result of stereotypes about crime victim reactions, but the actual mechanism has never been tested directly. In this paper, an alternative account is presented, proposing that the advantage of the emotional victim could lie in its ability to invoke stronger empathic-emotional reactions in the observer. The two accounts were pitted against each other in an experiment: Should the stereotype account be correct, then placing the observer under cognitive load would increase the effect of a victim’s emotional display. In contrast, should the empathy account be correct, then cognitive load would reduce the effect. One hundred eighty-nine police trainees watched a videotaped statement of an actress portraying a rape victim. The victim’s emotional display (emotional vs. neutral) and observers’ cognitive load while watching the statement (additional memory task vs. no memory task) were manipulated. Results showed that the emotional victim was believed more than the neutral victim, and that the effect was stronger under cognitive load. In addition, the effect was fully mediated by the match between the woman’s actual behavior and observers’ expectations. No evidence for a meditational role of observers’ own emotional reactions was found. In sum, the study provides empirical support for the traditional stereotype account, and has clear practical implications, showing that cognitive load increases the risk of attributional errors in judgments of victim credibility.
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| 10. |
- Bäckman, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Dopamine and cognitive aging : a strong relationship
- 2006
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In: Progress in psychological science around the world. Volume 1 neural, cognitive and developmental issues. - : Psychology Press. - 9780203783122 - 9781841699615 - 9781138883314 ; , s. 455-469
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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