| 1. |
- Egard, Hanna
(författare)
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Personlig assistans i praktiken : Beredskap initiativ och vänskaplighet
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Personal assistance is a user-directed service that was founded by a section of the disability movement, namely the American Independent Living movement, in the late 1960s. Today, the concept and ideology of personal assistance services (PAS) has spread worldwide, and constitutes a part of the support system for people with disabilities in many countries. The service differs from several other publicly financed services since users of personal assistance are given the opportunity to employ and supervise the staff providing the service. Organizing services in this way is presumed to enhance self-sufficiency of persons with disabilities and improve their chances of so-called independent living. This dissertation deals with personal assistance services (PAS) in the Swedish context. The aim is to illuminate and understand how personal assistance is carried out socially. To explore this, an ethnographic field study was conducted. The field study focused on face-to-face interaction of adult users with physical impairments and their personal assistants. Analysis and interpretation of the empirical material was primarily guided by Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective and concepts. Results show that the users and their personal assistants balance and shift between different modes of interacting with and approaching each other; by doing so they create and withhold definitions of the situations that are crucial for carrying out personal assistance services. “Preparedness” refers to their passivity, but also readiness, in situations when the users and personal assistants are idle. “Initiative” refers to their negotiations, but also agreements, concerning how the practical help of the personal assistance should be carried out. “Friendliness” refers to their small talk but also to the informal way of approaching each other.
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| 2. |
- Hansson, Fredrik
(författare)
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På jakt efter språk : om språkdelen i gymnasieskolans svenskämne
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A common feature of existing research is that the linguistic part of the subject Swedish in upper secondary school appears to be diffuse and seems to lack core and theoretical framework. The purpose of the thesis ’Hunting for language’ is to describe and investigate how the linguistic part of Swedish is handled in upper secondary school. The study was carried out in two classes of college-preparatory programs during the first semester of the students in high school. In addition to observations of lessons, interviews with students from each class, with their Swedish teachers and with their headmasters were conducted. Further, texts produced by students and teachers were collected. One background for the study consists of different conceptions of the subject Swedish and of how these conceptions are related to changes of school policy. Another important starting point is Bernstein's theory of pedagogy with its concepts of classification, and invisible and visible pedagogies. In these, the dichotomy of implicit and explicit teaching is vital and is contained, for example, in the issue of explicit versus implicit writing instruction. The study shows that the linguistic part is justified in different ways. An emphasis on benefit in terms of personal growth for one’s own career appears in the textbook and the policy documents, as well in interviews with students and school leaders, which is consistent with the principle of school and education as a private good. The teachers further include an idea of personal growth, but the link to a future career is not as strong. The policy documents and the teachers also show a citizenship perspective. On the whole, the classification of the linguistic part stands out as weak. The idea of implicit learning is prominent, while, at the same time, the students and the teachers believe that teaching should be explicit. It is clear that different ideas about language and language development are intermingled in the subject Swedish without being made visible. Thus, the linguistic part of the subject Swedish appears as an example of an invisible pedagogy. The observed teaching practice shows a domination of implicit instruction and a presupposed implicit learning. A strong external classification in terms of clarity regarding material selection and opening explanations by the teachers contrasts with a weak internal classification indicated by the absence of a linguistic metalanguage when working with, for instance, genres. Finally, explicitness and use of metalanguage are emphasized. The subject of Swedish must try to accommodate the wishes of the students concerning language as a tool for their personal projects, while, at the same time, values embedded in the language and in the reality that language constructs are challenged and brought up for discussion.
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| 3. |
- Jonsson Malm, Carolina
(författare)
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Att plantera ett barn : internationella adoptioner och assisterad befruktning i svensk reproduktionspolitik
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to study the norms and values surrounding the family and the nation-state in Swedish family policy as they appear in Official Government Reports (SOU) on international adoption and assisted reproductive technology (ART) between 1953 and 2007. I argue that the committees’ reports can be viewed as normative statements constituting a hegemonic state discourse. The methodological approach is based on the ideas of Michel Foucault, especially the concepts relating to governmentality, such as power, knowledge, discipline and normalization, and the theoretical framework is inspired by feminist, postcolonial, and intersectionality critique of the nuclear family, heteronormativity, nationalism, and citizenship. In my analysis, focus is on similarity and difference, continuity and change, in the governmental committees’ notions of what is natural, normal, and morally right when it comes to reproduction and family relations. International adoptions have been regarded as humanitarian aid for third world countries, but they have also been associated with corruption, kidnapping, baby-selling, and the exploitation of poor countries. The committees’ have worried about the adopted children’s ability to adapt, their psychological health, and the question of origin. The right to know one’s origin is also considered to be of great importance for children conceived after ART. Reproductive technology was met in the beginning with suspicion and distrust, however, the techniques have been naturalized, and there has been a gradual liberalization of ART legislation in Sweden, which has opened up opportunities for alternative families. A central conclusion of this thesis is that the Swedish reproduction policies in late modernity are very complex, partly full of contradictions and ever changing. What is constant is the will to govern. Governing is achieved through positive governing such as information, education, treatment, benefits, and financial support, or through negative governing such as exclusions, prohibitions, penalties, and correctional measures. The reports are characterized by an interdependence between power and knowledge. Scientific knowledge, especially medical, psychological, and social scientific knowledge, is important for the committees’ arguments, but at the same time the scientists too are subject to government regulation, as some scientific disciplines and research fields are privileged over others. Processes of normalization and disciplination seem to be fundamental for surveillance of the individuals concerned and the society at large. I suggest that the committees’ main goal is to create responsible, society-changing, and self-governing citizens who live up to the norm.
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| 4. |
- Löf, Camilla
(författare)
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Med livet på schemat : om skolämnet livskunskap och den riskfyllda barndomen
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Skolämnet livskunskap har vuxit fram i svenska skolor under det senaste decenniet, ofta utifrån en ambition att främja hälsa och att konkretisera skolans värdegrundsarbete. Mot bakgrunden att livskunskap inte är obligatoriskt i svensk skola och därför saknar nationella riktlinjer har ämnet i den lokala skolpraktiken kommit att omfattas av en mängd olika arbetssätt och program. Avhandlingens syfte är att förstå och belysa hur skolämnet livskunskap växer fram, definieras och organiseras i skolans kontext. Studien omfattar hur aktörer i de olika praktiker som omfattas av skolans fält (politiker, statliga myndigheter, kommunala tjänstemän, pedagoger och barn) tolkar och organiserar livskunskap som skolämne. Särskild uppmärksamhet riktas mot den syn på barn och barndom som skapas genom organisationen av detta komplexa ämne. Studien har en barndomssociologisk ansats (James & Prout, 1997; Corsaro, 2005), kombinerad med kritisk diskursanalys (Fairclough, 2010). Det empiriska materialet är insamlat med flera olika metoder: som exempelvis policydokument på såväl nationell som lokal nivå; intervjuer med kommunala nyckelpersoner; samt ett etnografiskt fältarbete och videoinspelningar. Studien fokuserar framförallt grundskolor i Malmö, en stad där man satsat särskilt på livskunskap som skolämne som en del av kommunens folkhälsoarbete. Analysen visar bland annat hur ämnet i skolans vardagspraktik snarare utgår ifrån lokalt avgränsade sociala problem, än från de gemensamma värden som framhålls i läroplanen. Sättet att organisera ämnet i klassrummet medför i vissa situationer en förskjutning av lärarens roll, från att vara pedagog till att bli mer terapeutisk. Innehållet i ämnet rör sig ofta på ett för barnen privat plan och barns privata relationer lyfts upp till offentliga samtal i syfte att lösa konflikter. Barnen gör dock i flera fall motstånd mot lärares upplägg och innehåll.
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| 5. |
- Nygård Larsson, Pia
(författare)
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Biologiämnets texter : Text, språk och lärande i en språkligt heterogen gymnasieklass
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study concerns text, language, and learning in a linguistically heterogeneous upper secondary class in Sweden where students aged 16 to 17 are studying biology. One starting point for the dissertation is the importance of language in all school subjects. Another premise is that language as a resource for learning and communication is a high challenge for students who are studying through their second language. The perspectives adopted in the dissertation are those of language and second-language didactics, and of multimodality. The dissertation is based on field notes, audio recordings, collected texts, and interviews. A major question is the extent to which the students are given the potential for coherent meaning making. Another crucial question is how different student groups succeed in the subject of biology, and their potential to move towards the use of more academic language. In the foreground of the study are text analyses in which the notions of intertextuality and recontextualization are an important foundation for understanding, and where textbook, teaching, and student texts are related to each other. The study shows, among other things, the importance of visualization of taxonomic relations, through which connections within a subject can be made explicit. The results also hint at the potential of different visual representations to bridge the gap between everyday and more scientific modes of expression. Mobility between and within discourses can thus be viewed as multimodal. The dissertation also uses the notion of text activities, which can be compared to the Sydney School`s concept of genre. The findings reveal relatively large differences between different chapters in the biology textbook, with regard to text activities, linguistic features, and the degree of multimodality. Differences thus arise in the degree to which these texts are a challenge to the reader. The findings show, moreover, that different images can be regarded as visual text activities and can thus be analysed on the level of text structure. The discrepancy between different student groups in the class is relatively large. The second-language students rarely achieve high grade levels. Lower grades, in turn, mean that standards are set relatively low for written work, and there is also strong teacher mediation at this level. Higher grade levels, on the other hand, require more advanced text activities and more independent reflexive writing and reading. The latter indicates a need for explicit metadiscursive discussions in the classroom. The results also suggest a need for broader language and text production, especially for second-language students.
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| 6. |
- Palla, Linda, 1974-
(författare)
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Med blicken på barnet : om olikheter inom förskolan som diskursiv praktik
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med blicken på barnet syftar till att synliggöra hur barn skapas som subjekt när deras beteenden förbryllar, oroar eller utmanar personal i förskolan och hur utrymme för, eller begränsningar av, barnens möjligheter till att vara, kunna eller göra olika därmed framträder. Vidare belyser studien hur hanterings- och styrningsförslag av barnen och deras beteenden formuleras i specialpedagogiska sammanhang inom förskolan som diskursiv praktik. Huvudsaklig grund för studien är situationer där avdelningspersonal och specialpedagog möts för samtal samt texter som producerats i samband med dylika samtal. Studien vilar på en poststrukturalistisk teoribildning och har genomförts med ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt. Studien har genomförts utifrån antagandet om att språket medverkar till hur människor konstituerar, socialt konstruerar och förändrar sin verklighet. Även om det finns rörlighet och förändringskraft i språket kan, genom att ett specifikt sätt att tänka och tala inom en kontext reproduceras och fixeras, viss kunskap och vissa föreställningar bli dominerande och till slut tas så för givna att de inte längre ifrågasätts. Studien erbjuder en alternativ bild som kan öppna upp för reflektion och andra sätt att tänka och tala än de som har blivit och utmärkt sig som naturliga och dominerande i specialpedagogiska sammanhang inom förskolan.
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| 7. |
- Palla, Linda
(författare)
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Med blicken på barnet : Om olikheter inom förskolan som diskursiv praktik
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med blicken på barnet syftar till att synliggöra hur barn skapas som subjekt när deras beteenden förbryllar, oroar eller utmanar personal i förskolan och hur utrymme för, eller begränsningar av, barnens möjligheter till att vara, kunna eller göra olika därmed framträder. Vidare belyser studien hur hanterings- och styrningsförslag av barnen och deras beteenden formuleras i specialpedagogiska sammanhang inom förskolan som diskursiv praktik. Huvudsaklig grund för studien är situationer där avdelningspersonal och specialpedagog möts för samtal samt texter som producerats i samband med dylika samtal. Studien vilar på en poststrukturalistisk teoribildning och har genomförts med ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt. Studien har genomförts utifrån antagandet om att språket medverkar till hur människor konstituerar, socialt konstruerar och förändrar sin verklighet. Även om det finns rörlighet och förändringskraft i språket kan, genom att ett specifikt sätt att tänka och tala inom en kontext reproduceras och fixeras, viss kunskap och vissa föreställningar bli dominerande och till slut tas så för givna att de inte längre ifrågasätts. Studien erbjuder en alternativ bild som kan öppna upp för reflektion och andra sätt att tänka och tala än de som har blivit och utmärkt sig som naturliga och dominerande i specialpedagogiska sammanhang inom förskolan.
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| 8. |
- Schenker, Katarina
(författare)
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På spaning efter idrottsdidaktik
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In search of sport didactics The aim of this thesis is to examine sport didactics as a concept and tool for reflecting on PE education. An additional aim is to analyze course literature and teaching models. Special focus is given to mandatory course literature devoted to dance, orienteering, swimming and ball games. The thesis starts by considering the concept of didactics. Further, different traditions in subject-matter didactics, including that of sport didactics, are compared. Different countries have different traditions, as do different disciplines, which enables researchers to approach subject-matter didactics from different backgrounds. Comparisons also show that subject-matter didactics, including sport didactics, need not be limited to dealing with school education but can also relate to other educational activities. On this basis a number of concepts describing sport didactics have been identified: teaching models, sport pedagogy models, theory of sport didactics, teaching method, teaching concept, societal pedagogical principle, the anatomy of teaching models and sport pedagogical reflection. The concepts are used to construct the tool to be used for analyzing the course literature. On the basis of the derivation of the concept, sport didactics is described as a tool for reflection on the sport teaching-studying-learning process. By applying different concepts sport didactics combines micro perspectives in the form of natural and behavioural science knowledge about learning and about the human body in motion with macro perspectives in the form of humanist-social science knowledge about learning, teaching and sporting in society. The analyze of course literature and teaching models required empirics in the form of course literature in the areas of ball games, dance, orienteering and swimming. Four physical education (PE) teacher programmes were chosen. The overwhelming character of the literature is uncritical, mainly concerning fostering with the focus on body culture (performance, experience, health/utility). The language of sport, together with tried experience, frequently constitutes the basis for being able to reflect on and talk about the teaching process and pupil development. The thesis demonstrates that sport didactics has the potential to ground teaching practice scientifically. The greatest challenge may be to tackle its close relation to sport. Sport & Health in school coexists with the sport movement and other organizations which advocate physical activity. There will probably always be interested parties with a desire to have an influence on the mission and content of the subject, to whom PE teacher education programmes as well as those representing the school subject are obliged to relate.
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Anna-Karin
(författare)
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Lärarstudenters berättelser om läsning. Från tidig barndom till mötet med lärarutbildning
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the thesis is to contribute to knowledge about experience and perceptions of reading that students at a school of education have, from early reading experiences in childhood, to the encounter with reading in context of their teacher training. The following overarching questions were asked: What aspects of narratives appear to be significant in the students’ reading trajectories? Which aspects of the narratives appear to be significant in the encounter with reading during the students’ teacher training? To place the present investigation in a wider context a social-cultural perspective on reading is used as a means to shed light on the empirical data of the thesis. The choice of methodology is based on an epistemology where life stories are viewed as something which can provide knowledge about people’s experience and perceptions. As an overarching result, the students’ stories show that reading is a relational process, which occurs with significant others. Significant others invite and confirm the individual to read in various contexts. The metaphor literary breast-feeding shows how interest is transmitted in a close relationship. It makes the child, pupil or student feel that he/she is a participant in different societies of readers. Artifacts are crucial to raise interest in texts. Such artifacts are used as tools to shape play, motivation and imagination. The student’s reading trajectories also clearly indicate that challenges and gaps exist between different contexts, and that these gaps challenge the individual and need to be bridged.
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| 10. |
- Wikstrand, Frida
(författare)
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Det tekniska spelet. Förhandlingar om arbete, teknik och kön i relation till införande av nya informationssystem
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis aims to study how information systems are received and interpreted by the employees of two organizations: the Hospital and Electricity company. I am interested in how work tasks and professional identities at these workplaces are coded by class and gender, and whether - and if so how - these encodings or constructions affect how employees perceive the information sys-tems and the changes brought about by the new information system. Furthermore, the aim is to explain how the organizational context affects the way in which a new information system is re-ceived and interpreted, and how this is affected by the construction of masculinities and feminini-ties. 35 life story interviews were conducted at the two workplaces. The interviews were focused on the effects, on the everyday- and working life of employees, brought about by the introduc-tion of new information systems: the electronic journal Melior at the Hospital and the business system SAP at the Electricity Company. Another focus dealt with if – and if so, how, -the new technology had impact on the relationship with other occupational groups and professionals at the workplace. As its starting point, the dissertation adopts a theoretical patchwork based on Hardings’ three processes: genders symbolism, gender structure and individual gender. The concepts femininities and masculinities are used to discuss and analyze constructions of identities at work. The process of division of labor and concepts of professional closures are used to analyze negotiations within and between different groups. A theoretical concept, mirroring processes, is used to show how different parts of an individual’s life are linked together and how structures in different part of life repro-duce and strengthen each other. The thesis argues that various organizational circumstances have an impact on how em-ployees receive and interpret the new technology. From the perspective of class and gender, it becomes evident how technology is not simply ascribed different roles at different workplaces. These roles are also assigned a symbolic value that is largely based on gender. It is also clear that the role assigned to technology depends on the division of labor and may, in turn, influence the current division of labor at the workplace through negotiations concerning the new technology. It becomes clear that gender- and class structures are produced and reproduced through negotia-tions and the employees' handling of the new information systems. The thesis argues that the interviewees’ construction of professional identities influence their understanding of changes in their own work when new information systems have been introduced. The dissertation also ar-gues that the way femininities and masculinities are constructed within professional identities affect how employees view their work and the new technology.
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