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Hardwood :
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Schlee, PhilippImperial College London, UK; Aalto University, Finland
(författare)
Hardwood : versus softwood Kraft lignin-precursor-product relationships in the manufacture of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors
- Artikel/kapitelEngelska2020
Förlag, utgivningsår, omfång ...
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2020
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Royal Society of Chemistry,2020
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printrdacarrier
Nummerbeteckningar
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LIBRIS-ID:oai:DiVA.org:ri-50965
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https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-50965URI
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https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09093jDOI
Kompletterande språkuppgifter
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Språk:engelska
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Sammanfattning på:engelska
Ingår i deldatabas
Klassifikation
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Ämneskategori:ref swepub-contenttype
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Ämneskategori:art swepub-publicationtype
Anmärkningar
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Funding details: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU; Funding details: Shell; Funding details: European Regional Development Fund, FEDER, RTI2018-095291-B-I00; Funding text 1: M. J. M. L. and D. C. A. thank Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and FEDER (project RTI2018-095291-B-I00) for financial support. C. P. G. and C. O'K. thank Shell. MMT and PS thank RISE AB for co-funding Philipp Schlee's PhD position.
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The process of stabilization is essential in the production of carbon fibers from lignins. During stabilization, the initially thermoplastic lignin polymer is converted to a thermoset polymer allowing for high-temperature treatment without a change in shape. In this work, hardwood (HKL) and softwood (SKL) Kraft lignins were stabilized in air at temperatures between 190 and 340 °C before carbonization at 800 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Due to the differences in side-chain linkages, functional groups and molar mass, the lignins exhibit different structural changes upon stabilization and hence develop different porosities upon carbonization. Both lignins undergo major crosslinking reactions in the side chains at low temperatures and degradation reactions at high temperatures during stabilization. Crosslinking gives rise to narrow pore size distributions with mainly (sub-) nanometer pores, whereas degradation reactions lead to a more open pore structure with additional mesoporosity (>2 nm). When both types of reactions take place simultaneously, highly accessible (sub-) nanoporosity can be effectively created, which boosts the performance of supercapacitors operating in 6 M KOH(aq). This effect terminates when the crosslinking reactions cease and mainly degradation reactions take place, which occurs in HKL at 340 °C. SKL shows both a lower degree of crosslinking and degradation and hence develops less specific surface area. The optimum performance in an aqueous alkaline supercapacitor is achieved with HKL stabilized at 310 °C. It shows a specific gravimetric capacitance of 164 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 119 F g-1 at 250 A g-1 with a capacitance retention of more than 90% after 10 000 cycles.
Ämnesord och genrebeteckningar
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Atmospheric temperature
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Capacitance
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Carbon nanofibers
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Carbonization
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Graphite fibers
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Hardwoods
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Lignin
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Pore size
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Pore structure
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Potassium hydroxide
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Softwoods
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Stabilization
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Supercapacitor
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Capacitance retention
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Crosslinking reaction
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Degradation reaction
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Degree of cross-linking
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Gravimetric capacitance
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High temperature treatments
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Narrow pore size distributions
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Softwood kraft lignins
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Crosslinking
Biuppslag (personer, institutioner, konferenser, titlar ...)
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Hosseinaei, OmidRISE,Material- och ytdesign(Swepub:ri)omidho@ri.se
(författare)
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O'Keefe, Christopher A.University of Cambridge, UK
(författare)
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Mostazo-Lopez, Maria JoseUniversidad de Alicante, Spain
(författare)
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Cazorla-Amorós, DiegoUniversidad de Alicante, Spain
(författare)
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Herou, Servann J.A.Imperial College London, UK
(författare)
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Tomani, PerRISE,Bioraffinaderi och energi(Swepub:ri)PerTom@ri.se
(författare)
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Grey, Clare P.University of Cambridge, UK
(författare)
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Titirici, Magdalena M.Imperial College London, UK
(författare)
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Imperial College London, UK; Aalto University, FinlandMaterial- och ytdesign
(creator_code:org_t)
Sammanhörande titlar
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Ingår i:Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Royal Society of Chemistry8:44, s. 23543-235542050-74882050-7496
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