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Volatile organic co...
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia : Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue
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- Norbäck, Dan (författare)
- Uppsala universitet,Arbets- och miljömedicin
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- Hashim, Jamal Hisham (författare)
- United Nations Univ, Int Inst Global Hlth, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.;Natl Univ Malaysia, Dept Community Hlth, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
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- Hashim, Zailina (författare)
- Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Serdang 43400, Selagor, Malaysia.
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- Ali, Faridah (författare)
- Johor State Hlth Dept, Johor Baharu, Malaysia.
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(creator_code:org_t)
- Elsevier BV, 2017
- 2017
- Engelska.
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 592, s. 153-160
- Relaterad länk:
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http://collections.u...
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https://urn.kb.se/re...
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https://doi.org/10.1...
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Abstract
Ämnesord
Stäng
- This paper studied associations between volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon dioxide(CO2) in schools in Malaysia and rhinitis, ocular, nasal and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue among students. Pupils from eight randomly selected junior high schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia (N = 462), participated (96%). VOC, formaldehyde and NO2 were measured by diffusion sampling (one week) and VOC also by pumped air sampling during class. Associations were calculated bymulti-level logistic regression adjusting for personal factors, the home environment and microbial compounds in the school dust. The prevalence of weekly rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms were 18.8%, 11.6%, 15.6%, and 11.1%, respectively. Totally 20.6% had weekly headache and 22.1% fatigue. Indoor CO2 were low(range 380-690 ppm). Indoor median NO2 and formaldehyde concentrations over one week were 23 mu g/m(3) and 2.0 mu g/m(3), respectively. Median indoor concentration of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and limonene over one week were 12.3, 1.6, 78.4 and 3.4 mu g/m(3), respectively. For benzaldehyde, the mean indoor concentration was 2.0 mu g/m(3) (median < 1 mu g/m(3)). Median indoor levels during class of benzene and cyclohexane were 4.6 and 3.7 mu g/m(3), respectively. NO2 was associated with ocular symptoms (p < 0.001) and fatigue (p = 0.01). Formaldehyde was associated with ocular (p = 0.004), throat symptoms (p = 0.006) and fatigue (p = 0.001). Xylene was associated with fatigue (p < 0.001) and benzaldehyde was associatedwith headache (p = 0.03). In conclusion, xylene, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde and NO2 in schools can be risk factors for ocular and throat symptoms and fatigue among students in Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor levels of benzene were often higher than the EU standard of 5 mu g/m(3).
Ämnesord
- MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap -- Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin (hsv//swe)
- MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences -- Occupational Health and Environmental Health (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Miljövetenskap (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Environmental Sciences (hsv//eng)
Nyckelord
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
- Formaldehyde
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
- School environment
- Sick building syndrome (SBS)
- Rhinitis
Publikations- och innehållstyp
- ref (ämneskategori)
- art (ämneskategori)
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