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| 2. |
- Aransiola, Temidayo James, et al.
(author)
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The Commodification of Security in Brazil: Urban–Rural Divide in Household Adoption of Safety Protective Devices
- 2022
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; , s. 1-13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study aims to assess the determinants of using safety devices in Brazilian households, taking into account different urban–rural country contexts and income distribution. Probit models are estimated using microdata from the 2009 Brazilian National Household Sampling Survey. On average, less than half of the underprivileged population adopts safety devices, whereas almost double as many do so among the wealthy. Findings also indicate an inverse association between the level of urbanization and adoption of safety protective devices, especially of modern ones—a pattern mediated by individual levels of victimization and safety perceptions. For example, previous victimization by theft or robbery is more decisive for adopting safety protective devices among economically underprivileged households compared to wealthier ones. These results provide evidence of the perverse effects of unequal commodification of security across a country that penalizes, in particular, the rural poor.
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| 3. |
- Caretta, Martina Angela, et al.
(author)
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Conflating Privilege and Vulnerability : A Reflexive Analysis of Emotions and Positionality in Postgraduate Fieldwork
- 2017
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; 69:2, s. 275-283
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Grounded in a self-reflexive, intersectional analysis of positionality, we examine emotions in fieldwork through theautobiographical accounts that we gathered during our postgraduate ethnographic research in the Global South. We showhow we, two female early-career geographers, emotionally coped with instances that put us in a vulnerable position due toloneliness, commitment to the field, insistent questioning, violence, and violent threats. We argue that a culture of silencesurrounding fieldwork difficulties and their emotional consequences tend to permeate our discipline. We contend thatgeography departments ought to provide mentorship that takes into account doctoral candidates’ different positionalities,conflated vulnerability and privilege, and embodied intersectional axes. This renewed awareness will help not only to revealpossible risks and challenges connected with fieldwork but also ultimately to enrich the overall academic discussions withinour discipline.
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| 4. |
- Ceccato, Vania, Professor, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Farmers, Victimization, and Animal Rights Activism in Sweden
- 2022
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; , s. 1-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conflicts between animal production and animal rights activism are becoming more common in a number of countries, including Sweden. Although most animal rights advocates would not consider committing a crime, there have been numerous accounts in which farmers have been victimized because they are animal producers. This study investigates the extent and characteristics of crimes committed against animal farmers and their families. The analysis is based on answers from a survey of 3,815 animal farmers in Sweden in 2020. Cross-table analysis, logistic regression models, and geographical information systems (GIS) underlie the methodology of the study. One in eight respondents declared being exposed to crimes because they are animal producers (from thefts, trespassing, sabotage, and threats to physical violence, most face-to-face but also online), but 60 percent of the victims never report to the police. Among nonvictims, half of the respondents knew someone who had been a victim of crime. Findings indicate that farmers’ victimization for theft or robbery show different motivations than those that are directed at them because they work with animal production. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating farmers’ safety needs into sustainable rural development policies.
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| 5. |
- Ceccato, Vania, Professor, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Introduction to Focus Section : The Geographies of Crime and Policing in the Global Countryside
- 2021
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Routledge. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; , s. 1-3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This focus section aims to identify, conceptualize, and understand the emerging geographies of rural crime, in particularthose of globalized rural crime, and evaluate their impact on different rural places. Contributions to this focus sectionreflect an interdisciplinary array of fields from geography, economy, and criminology to rural studies, fully engaged withpertinent theories and state-of-the-art literature. The focus section also critically examines how security and policing ofrural areas is delivered by existing and emerging agencies, drawing from evidence from different country contexts inBrazil, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden.
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| 6. |
- Fent, Ashley, et al.
(author)
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Confronting the Climate Crisis : Slow Geographies and Relational Approaches to International Research
- 2022
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; 74:1, s. 182-192
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise despite domestic and international efforts to mitigate climate change. Recent scholarship has expressed concerns that academic careers require considerable amounts of air travel. These trends raise a series of ethical dilemmas for academic geographers who conduct international field research. Building on work on slow geographies and slow scholarship, we argue for more relational approaches and understandings of the field, which could help to mitigate our travel emissions without requiring a full-scale end to international engagement. We propose four sociospatial iterations of the field as a terrain of interactions: the virtual field, the field at home, the field as a network, and the extended field of routes and journeys. Additionally, we argue that slow geographies of international field research must be paired with a transformation in our institutions, away from individualism and neoliberal metrics of productivity and toward more collective and relational approaches to both research and emissions.
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| 7. |
- Florida, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Global Metropolis : Assessing Economic Activity in Urban Centers Based on Nighttime Satellite Images
- 2012
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; 64:2, s. 178-187
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This research provides new data and insight onmetropolitan areas worldwide. It summarizes new data, derived from satellite images of the world at night, to provide systematic estimates of the economic activity generated by cities and metropolitan areas worldwide. It identifies 681 global metropolitan areas each with more than 500,000 people. Taken as a whole, these large global metropolitan regions house 24 percent of the world's population but produce 60 percent of global output, measured as light emissions. Asia leads the way in global economic urbanization according to our findings, followed by North America, the emerging economies, and Europe.
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| 8. |
- Jiang, Bin, et al.
(author)
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A new kind of beauty out of the underlying scaling of geographic space
- 2014
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; 66:4, s. 676-686
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Geographic space demonstrates scaling or hierarchy, implying that there are far more small things than large ones. The scaling pattern of geographic space, if visualized properly (i.e., based on the head/tail breaks classification), can evoke a sense of beauty. This is our central argument. This beauty is a new type of aesthetic at a deeper structural level and differs in essence from an intuitive sense of harmony, perceived in terms of color, shape, texture, and ratio. This new kind of beauty was initially defined and discovered by Christopher Alexander, and promoted in his master work The Nature of Order. To paraphrase Mandelbrot, this is beauty for the sake of science rather than for art's sake or for the sake of commerce. Throughout the article, we attempt to argue and illustrate that the scaling of geographic space possesses this new kind of beauty, which has a positive impact on human well-being. The article further draws on the previous work of Nikos Salingaros and Richard Taylor on the beauty in architecture and arts to support our argument.
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| 9. |
- Jiang, Bin
(author)
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Head/tail breaks : A new classification scheme for data with a heavy-tailed distribution
- 2013
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; 65:3, s. 482-494
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper introduces a new classification scheme - head/tail breaks - in order to find groupings or hierarchy for data with a heavy-tailed distribution. The heavy-tailed distributions are heavily right skewed, with a minority of large values in the head and a majority of small values in the tail, commonly characterized by a power law, a lognormal or an exponential function. For example, a country's population is often distributed in such a heavy-tailed manner, with a minority of people (e.g., 20 percent) in the countryside and the vast majority (e.g., 80 percent) in urban areas. This heavy-tailed distribution is also called scaling, hierarchy or scaling hierarchy. This new classification scheme partitions all of the data values around the mean into two parts and continues the process iteratively for the values (above the mean) in the head until the head part values are no longer heavy-tailed distributed. Thus, the number of classes and the class intervals are both naturally determined. We therefore claim that the new classification scheme is more natural than the natural breaks in finding the groupings or hierarchy for data with a heavy-tailed distribution. We demonstrate the advantages of the head/tail breaks method over Jenks' natural breaks in capturing the underlying hierarchy of the data. Keywords: data classification, head/tail division rule, natural breaks, scaling, and hierarchy
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| 10. |
- Jiang, Bin, et al.
(author)
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The Evolution of Natural Cities from the Perspective of Location-Based Social Media
- 2015
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In: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; 67:2, s. 295-306
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article examines the former location-based social medium Brightkite, over its three-year life span, based on the concept of natural cities. The term natural cities refers to spatially clustered geographic events, such as the agglomerated patches aggregated from individual social media users' locations. We applied the head/tail division rule to derive natural cities, based on the fact that there are far more low-density areas than high-density areas on the Earth's surface. More specifically, we generated a triangulated irregular network, made up of individual unique user locations, and then categorized small triangles (smaller than an average) as natural cities for the United States (mainland) on a monthly basis. The concept of natural cities provides a powerful means to develop new insights into the evolution of real cities, because there are virtually no data available to track the history of cities across their entire life spans and at very fine spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, natural cities can act as a good proxy of real cities, in the sense of understanding underlying interactions, at a global level, rather than of predicting cities, at an individual level. Apart from the data produced and the contributed methods, we established new insights into the structure and dynamics of natural cities; for example, the idea that natural cities evolve in nonlinear manners at both spatial and temporal dimensions.
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