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  • Keevallik, Leelo, 1969- (author)
  • Üldküsimuse lihtvastuste funktsioonid [The functions of simple answers to yes/no questions]
  • 2009
  • In: Keel ja Kirjandus. - 0131-1441. ; 52:1, s. 33-53
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Two typologically different systems are used in the answer formats to yes-no questions in Estonian, particles and echo-responses. They can be implemented separately as well as in combinations with each other or other particles. The paper studies the grammatical, pragmatic and interactional factors that affect the choice of the answer format. It depends on the pragmatic focus of the question, its polarity, as well as the polarity of the answer, and the action that is carried out by the answer. At the same time, the speaker displays her understanding of the action-import of the question in the answer and may provide subtle criticism on its design. This affects the opportunities for further development of the conversation.
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  • Paulsen, Geda (author)
  • Perifeersest kausatiivsusest
  • 2016
  • In: Keel ja Kirjandus. - Tallinn : SA Kultuurileht. - 2346-6014 .- 0131-1441. ; 59:7, s. 516-532
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The examination of causative adjuncts is based on the causative expressions in Estonian. The analysis reveals that causal and temporal relationships do not display a 1:1 relationships in the sense that the causing event always precedes the caused event chronologically. The Jackendovian (1990) causa-temporal types entrainment and launching are represented in the case of reason-adjuncts; in connection with purpose-adjuncts the hunch-causation proposed by Pörn (2004) occurs beside launching; the incremental causation or partial entrainment type, introduced in this paper, occurs in connection with result-adjuncts. The purpose-adjuncts show a particularly complex causa-temporal relationship: the desired event (the temporally latter event) is the reason behind the activity denoted by the core verb and the activity denoted by the matrix sentence causes the intended event.The present study also points to the tendency that the illative case is used in connection with intransitive verbs and comitative in connection with transitive verbs conveying causation in Estonian; elative is a „universal” causative case in the sense that it combines both with transitive and intransitive verbs. The preliminary examination suggests that a comprehensive account of the subordinate structures is needed in order to explain the „causative content” of different types of adjuncts like e.g. causative, manner, instrumental, purpose, conditional, and temporal adjuncts. Regarding the research of Estonian, an investigation of causative adjuncts would contribute to the elaboration of the semantico-syntactic behaviour of synthetic vs. analytic linguistic forms. 
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