| 1. |
- Nishizaki, Kazunori, et al.
(författare)
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Developmental morphology of the middle ear
- 1997
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 24:1, s. 31-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of the murine middle ear was monitored both qualitatively and morphometrically by scanning electron microscopy from the 19th gestational day to the adult stage. At birth, the middle ear was less well developed than the inner ear. The tympanic membrane (TM) was obscured by occlusion of the external auditory canal. Ciliated cells and secretory granules were present in the middle ear epithelium already 5 days after birth (DAB). Keratin debris was discerned on the external layer of the TM 9 DAB. By 12 DAB, mesenchymal tissue had resorbed from the middle ear cavity, except around the upper part of the ossicles. The middle ear was immature at birth but developed rapidly until 12 DAB. When compared with the avian middle ear the mouse middle ear was basically similar to that of humans, although in the human the stapedial artery is vestigial whereas in the mouse it persists as an important vessel. In man, there is no orbicular apophysis and no gonial of the malleus. The hypotympanum of the human middle ear is less developed than that of the murine middle ear. The mouse external auditory canal matures postnatally until 12 DAB, while in humans its development is complete at birth.
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| 2. |
- Rask-Andersen, Helge, et al.
(författare)
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Nerve fibre interaction with large ganglion cells in the human spiral ganglion : A TEM study
- 1997
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 24:1, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A TEM study was performed on freshly fixed human spiral ganglions (HSG) biopsied during skull base surgery. Well preserved tissue specimens were obtained for ultrastructural analysis. The investigation revealed that nerve fibres frequently form contacts with the large ganglion cells (type I cells). In the areas of contact, membrane specializations occurred, consisting of symmetric or asymmetric densities often alternating from one cell to the other with a reduced intercellular distance (approximately 10 nm). High power TEM showed the intercellular cleft to contain an extra dense line resulting in a pentalaminar structure. The dense line appeared on the side of the membrane protein concentration. Protein densities jutted into the cytoplasm along the intracellular face spreading into a diffuse cytoplasmic web physically related to accumulating mitochondria. This indicated a concentration of oxygen-dependent metabolic activity in these regions. It is believed that the nerve junctions are involved in electric transmission between type I ganglion cells. The neural junctions were morphologically different from synaptic contacts between small human ganglion cells (type II cells) and nerve fibres which have been suspected of sharing the olivocochlear bundle as their origin.
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| 3. |
- Briem, Birgir, et al.
(författare)
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Acute epiglottitis in Iceland 1983-2005
- 2009
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - : Elsevier BV. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 36:1, s. 46-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To describe the changes in the epidemiology of epiglottitis in Iceland from 1983 to 2005. Methods: All patients with the discharge diagnosis of epiglottitis during the study years were identified and diagnosis confirmed by chart review. Main outcome measures were age, gender, month/year of diagnosis, microbiology, airway management, ICU admissions, choice of antibiotics, length of hospital stay and major complications/mortality. Results: Fifty-seven patients were identified (annual incidence 0.93/100.000). The mean age was 33.3 years (1-82). Childhood epiglottitis disappeared after introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination in 1989 but adult disease showed non-significant increase. In the pre-vaccination era Hib was the most common organism cultured but it has not been diagnosed in Iceland since 1991 and Streptococci are now the leading cause of epiglottitis. The mean hospital stay was 5.05 nights with 51% of patients admitted to ICU. All children under 10 years and a total 30% of patients received airway intervention. Ninety percent of adults were observed without airway intervention. Major complications were rare and mortality was 0% in our series. Conclusion: There have been major changes in the epidemiology of epiglottitis in Iceland during the study period. Previously a childhood disease, epiglottitis has disappeared in children and is now almost exclusively found in adults. This can be attributed to widespread Hib vaccination, eliminating the major causative agent in children. The treatment of this life-threatening disease remains a challenge. Our series suggest that it is safe to observe patients with mild/moderate symptoms without airway intervention.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Liu, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of myelin basic protein in the human auditory nerve : an immunohistochemical and comparative study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - : Elsevier BV. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 39:1, s. 18-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyse the expression and distribution of myelin basic protein (MBP or Myelin A1 protein) in the human spiral ganglion and auditory nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cryostat sections were made from freshly fixed human cochlear specimens removed at surgery in patients with life-threatening petro-clival meningiomas compressing the brain stem. The sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry using antibodies against MBP, S-100 and Tubulin. The immunoreaction was documented using laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Type I spiral ganglion nerve somata (SGN) were surrounded by so-called "satellite glial cells" (SGCs) that lacked expression of MBP consistent with earlier light and electron microscopic findings indicating that these cells are non-myelinating. S-100 labeling showed that the SGCs form a continuous network in the apical region. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of myelination in human spiral ganglion is different from that in other species' spiral ganglion. The striking differences in myelin outline should be investigated further in combination with its influence on signal coding and preservation properties in man.
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| 7. |
- Liu, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Immunohistological analysis of neurturin and its receptors in human cochlea
- 2014
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - : Elsevier BV. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 41:2, s. 172-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Difficulties in obtaining properly preserved human cochlea have been a major obstacle to in vitro study of this deeply located and hard bone-fortressed hearing organ. Our study aimed at investigating GDNF family ligands (GFLs) and their receptors in the human cochleae that were surgically obtained during a transcochlear approach dealing with life-threatening, intra-cranial meningiomas.METHODS: The specimens were properly fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in the operating room. By using immunohistochemical techniques, distribution of GDNF, Neurturin (NTN, one member of GFLs), as well as cRet, GFRα-1 and GFRα-2 receptors in the human cochleae was investigated. Five cochleae from five adult patients were processed for the study. The patients had normal hearing threshold before operation.RESULTS: cRet receptor immunoreactivity was seen in the spiral ganglion neurons, mainly inside the cell bodies but rarely in the nerve fibers and not in the organ of Corti. Immunolabeling for GFRα-1 and GFRα-2 receptors was identified mainly in the cell bodies of the spiral neurons than in the nerve fibers. In the organ of Corti, GFRα-1 immunostaining could be demonstrated in the Deiters' cells, Hensen cells, inner pillar cells, and weakly in the inner hair cells but not in the outer hair cells; no structures in the organ of Corti were labeled with GFRα-2 receptor antibody. NTN immunostaining was found in the supporting cells of organ of Corti, including Deiters' cells, Hensen cells as well as Claudius' cells. In the spiral ganglia, NTN immunostaining was seen in both the cell bodies and the nerve fibers of neurons. GDNF immunoreactivity was not revealed in human cochlea.CONCLUSION: Surgically obtained human cochleae were properly fixed and underwent immunohistochemical investigation of neurotrophic elements. NTN and its receptors discovered in current study can be responsible for the unique neuronal survival properties in human spiral ganglion (hSG); a prerequisite for the function of cochlear implants.
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| 8. |
- Pyykkö, Ilmari, et al.
(författare)
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Vestibular syncope: A disorder associated with drop attack in Ménières disease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - : Elsevier. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 45:2, s. 234-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments in humans and animals indicate that vestibular influx through vestibular sympathetic reflex is an important and vital part of the regulatory system of circulation. The otolith organ adjusts the circulatory responses through the vestibular sympathetic reflex during an upright stance and may trigger a vasovagal attack of syncope. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and association of syncope attacks among patients with Ménières disease (MD). Vestibular syncope was defined as a sudden and transient loss of consciousness, which subsides spontaneously in people with vestibular disorders and without localizing neurological deficit.
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| 9. |
- Zarenoe, Reza, et al.
(författare)
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A cohort study of patients with tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss in a Swedish population
- 2013
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Ingår i: Auris, nasus, larynx. - : Elsevier BV. - 0385-8146 .- 1879-1476. ; 40:1, s. 41-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe a large cohort of patients with tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in Sweden, and also to explore the possibility of finding potential possible differences between various diagnoses within SNHL. It is also of great interest to see how a multidisciplinary team was used in the different subgroups and the frequency of hearing aids use in patients with tinnitus.METHODS: Medical records of all patients who had received the diagnosis SNHL in Östergötland County, Sweden between 2004 and 2007 were reviewed. Patients between 20 and 80 years with tinnitus and a pure tone average (PTA) lower than 70dB HL were included in the study. Patients were excluded from the analyses if they had a cochlear implantation, middle ear disorders or had a hearing loss since birth or childhood. The investigators completed a form for each included patient, covering background facts, and audiograms taken at the yearly check up.RESULTS: Of a total 1672 patients' medical record review, 714 patients were included. The majority of patients (79%) were in the age group over 50 years. In male patients with bilateral tinnitus, the PTA for the left ear was significantly higher than for the right ear. The results regarding the configuration of hearing loss revealed that 555 patients (78%) had symmetric and 159 (22%) asymmetric hearing loss. Retrocochlear examinations were done in 372 patients and MRI was the most common examination. In all patients, 400 had no hearing aids and out of those 220 had unilateral tinnitus and 180 patients had bilateral tinnitus. 219 patients had a PTA>20dB HL and did not have any hearing aid. Results demonstrated that the Stepped Care model was not used widely in the daily practice. In our study, patients with bilateral-, unilateral hearing loss or Mb Ménière were the most common patients included in the Stepped Care model.CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of patients with SNHL and tinnitus, despite their hearing loss only 39% had hearing aids. It was observed that the medical record review often showed a lack of information about many background factors, such as; patients' general health condition, which could be a quality factor that needs improvement. Our results show that the Stepped Care model could be an effective option for providing a better access for tinnitus-focused treatment, although the number of patients in this study who were included in the Stepped Care model was low.
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| 10. |
- Cervin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on mucociliary activity in the upper and lower airways in vitro
- 1998
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Ingår i: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. - 0385-8146. ; 25:3, s. 269-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bronchodilatory substances such as the phosphodisterase inhibitor (PDE-I) theophylline stimulate mucociliary activity. With the introduction of selective PDE-Is it has become possible to study the functional importance of each phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) concerning the regulation of the ciliary beat. The effects of rolipram (inhibiting a cAMP specific PDE (PDE4), milrinone (inhibiting a cGMP inhibited PDE (PDE3)) and zaprinast (inhibiting a cGMP specific PDE (PDE5)) were investigated in in vitro preparations from the rabbit maxillary sinus and trachea. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured with a photoelectrical method. In sinus mucosa all three compounds accelerated CBF. Milrinone (10(-5) M) by 22.6 +/- 5.3% (n = 6; P < 0.01), rolipram (10(-5) M) by 29.7 +/- 5.7% (n = 7; P < 0.01), and zaprinast (10(-5) M) by 19.4 +/- 6.3% (n = 6; P < 0.05). In the tracheal specimens at a concentration of 10(-5) M, milrinone accelerated CBF by 27.5 +/- 9.0% (n = 7; < 0.05), rolipram by 11.6 +/- 2.8% (n = 6; P < 0.05) and zaprinast by 24.3 +/- 5.3% (n = 7; P < 0.01). Comparison of the effects in the upper and lower airways showed that at concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M rolipram was more effective in the upper than in the lower airways. The reverse was true of milrinone which concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M had a significant effect in tracheal specimens but not in sinus specimens. Zaprinast was equally effective in both the upper and lower airways. It is concluded that in both the upper and lower airways selective PDE-Is have an accelerating effect on the CBF that may be beneficial in the treatment of airway diseases.
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