| 1. |
- Börjeson, L, et al.
(author)
-
Characterization of automotive shredder residues from two shredding facilities with different refining processes in Sweden
- 2000
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1399-3070. ; 18:4, s. 358-66
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Strict legislation imposing producer responsibility on car manufacturers, introduced in 1998 in Sweden, has prompted a search for new alternatives for recycling organic materials In end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), i.e. the automotive shredder residue (ASR). The recovery of materials from ELVs must increase from the present 70 to 75%, to 95% by 2015. The aim of this study was to characterize material other than ferrous components, i.e. the (automotive) shredder residue [(A)SR] and the non-ferrous (NF), material in order to investigate its suitability for energy recovery. The results show that the good heat value of the material gives it potential, but high levels of metals and chlorinated compounds may cause problems. Levels of elements, metals and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated benzenes (PCBz) in the ASR were also analysed, and the results are described and discussed.
|
|
| 2. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(author)
-
Statistical analysis of patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs in stack emission samples and identification of a marker congener
- 2000
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Academic Press. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 18:3, s. 283-292
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Samples from three major categories of thermal sources, namely municipal solid waste incinerators, hazardous waste incinerators and the iron and steel industry, were evaluated fur common patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The major contributors to the total of the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners and to the I-TEQ were identified. It was found that Cl8DD was the most abundant congener in most samples. However, the highest contribution to the toxic equivalent (I-TEQ) was attributable to 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. More than 30% of the TER was a result of the presence of this congener. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the emission pattern from the iron and steel industry were slightly different from those of the waste incineration. It was not possible tu differentiate between emissions from municipal solid waste and hazardous waste incinerators. Linear regression identified 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF as a potential marker analyte to predict I-TEQ concentrations of emission samples. However, whilst in theory such correlations may open new possibilities for application of screening techniques to predict the total I-TEQ of a sample of known origin by determining a single marker congener or surrogate compound, the study suggests that a screening technique based on the direct measurement uf the total I-TEQ of a sample is likely to offer a more robust conceptual foundation for PCDD/F screening.
|
|
| 3. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(author)
-
Changes in the phosphorus availability of a chemically precipitated urban sewage sludge as a result of different dewatering processes
- 2000
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 18:3, s. 249-258
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different dewatering processes on the phosphorus (P) availability of an FeCl3precipitated and limeconditioned sludge having an initial dry matter content (DMC) of 4%. The sludge was dewatered by either drying (D), freezing/thawing (FT) or centrifugation (C) until a DMC of about 15% was reached. Thereafter the FT and D sludges were gently dried to obtain a DMC increasing up to 50 to 60%. The plantavailable sludge P was assessed by the change in the isotopic dilution of P taken up by ryegrass (Lolium perenne[L]) after sludge amendments to one soil. After the plant experiment, the soiltosolution transfer of P ions and bicarbonateand ammonium lactate extractable P were determined in selected soil samples. The amount of plantavailable P (Lvalue) and the contribution of sludge P to plant nutrition (%Pdfsl) in soil amended with nondewatered sludge (ND) were not significantly different from the L and percentage Pdfsl values of soils amended with FT, D and C sludges. Nor did the subsequent drying of D and FT sludges significantly change the L and percentage Pdfsl values. Hence, the dewatering processes did not significantly alter the initial sludge P availability. The soiltosolution transfer of P ions and the chemically extracted P did not significantly differ between the different sludgeamended soil samples. The percentage Pdfsl values can be predicted by percentage ΔE1, since the overall average relative increase (%ΔE1) in the immediate soiltosolution transfer of P ions did not significantly differ from the percentage Pdfsl values.
|
|
| 4. |
- Pelkonen, Markku, et al.
(author)
-
Biological nitrogen removal from landfill leachate : A pilot-scale study
- 1999
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 17:6, s. 493-497
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A pilot-scale two-stage process including an anaerobic pretreatment (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB) unit and a pre-denitrification activated sludge process was studied for treating leachates from a municipal landfill (waste aged 4 to 5 years, area 2.5 ha) and from a windrow composting area (1 ha). A single-stage pilot process was used for nitrification studies. The leachate characteristics were as follows: COD 740 to 2400 mg l-1 (chemical oxygen demand), BOD7 (biochemical oxygen demand) approximately 1000 mg l-1, N(tot) 40 to 120 mg l-1 and the temperature was between 2 and 21°C. The results show that 45 to 50 COD removal could be achieved in the UASB reactor even at temperatures below 10°C. The activated sludge process was operated with a 1.1 to 2.2 d hydraulic retention time and at between 8 and 21°C. The removal efficiencies were 80 to 90 for COD, over 98 for BOD7, over 90 for NH4-N and over 70 for N(tot). The dependence of denitrification efficiency on leachate biodegradable COD fraction and COD to N ratio was evaluated. Overall treatment efficiencies were good and applicable for design purposes. The total costs were estimated for a full scale pre-denitrification process at FIM 10 to 20 m-3 and FIM 50 to 90 (kg N removed)-1 (3.5 to 7 DM m-3 and 17 to 30 DM [kg N removed]-1) for a landfill representing circumstances in Southern Finland with an annual average flow of 50 m3 d-1.
|
|
| 5. |
- Sonesson, Ulf
(author)
-
Modelling of waste collection - A general approach to calculate fuel consumption and time
- 2000
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 18:2, s. 115-123
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A model for calculating time and energy consumption during the collection of waste with compacting trucks is presented. The model uses common statistics from a number of households in three different categories of residential area: the average distance from the residential area to treatment facility/transfer station, fuel consumption per km for the truck and average load and speed. This common and easily accessible information is completed with figures for time and energy consumption related to the extra work that is performed on account of stopping and emptying bins. Default values for those parameters are presented in this paper, estimated using data from a Swedish municipality. Data from four areas in Sweden were used for verification. The model predicts the real outcome relatively well: between 5 and 14% deviation for energy consumption and between 10 and 24% deviation for time consumption.A model for calculating time and energy consumption during the collection of waste with compacting trucks is presented. The model uses common statistics from a number of households in three different categories of residential area: the average distance from the residential area to treatment facility/transfer station, fuel consumption per km for the truck and average load and speed. This common and easily accessible information is completed with figures for time and energy consumption related to the extra work that is performed on account of stopping and emptying bins. Default values for those parameters are presented in this paper, estimated using data from a Swedish municipality. Data from four areas in Sweden were used for verification. The model predicts the real outcome relatively well: between 5 and 14% deviation for energy consumption and between 10 and 24% deviation for time consumption.The consumption of time and energy in a waste collection cycle using compacting trucks is expressed in a model. The model is based on residential data in three areas: the average distance from the neighborhood to the treatment or transfer facility, truck fuel consumption, and average load and speed. Additional calculations are made for time and energy consumption relative to the work required for stopping and emptying the waste bins. Defaults are calculated from a study on waste collection in a Swedish municipality, and verified with data from four other municipalities. The model predictions were relatively accurate, at 5-15% deviation for energy consumption, and 10-24% deviation for time consumption.
|
|
| 6. |
- Zhang, Shunli, et al.
(author)
-
End-of-life electric and electronic equipment management towards the 21st century
- 2000
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 18:1, s. 73-85
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With the rapid growth of the electronics industry and an evergrowing environmental awareness worldwide, an environmentally sound and economically viable management system for endoflife (EOL) electric and electronic equipment (EEE) is of great importance for sustainable development. Traditional recycling and processing of EOL electronics directed towards the recovery of copper and precious metals, will be faced with many challenges in the future. It has been recognized by the EOL EEE recycling industry that a new strategy for EOL EEE must be developed. In this paper, current status and future trends in EOL EEE management are presented. Selective dismantling of valuable and hazardous components is evaluated in terms of a graderecovery (GR) concept. It is concluded that selective dismantling and mechanical processing must be coordinated in such a way as to produce suitable materials for subsequent handling at the lowest cost. Furthermore, new developments in mechanical and thermal processing of EOL EEE are also discussed, which involve water table and eddy current separation techniques and reduction of dioxins and furans during combustion of the plastics containing halogenated flame retardants. In addition, the challenges and perspectives associated with EOL management of plastics and cathode ray tubes (CRTs) encountered in EOL EEE are highlighted in this paper. It is predicted that EEE, being designed for recycling in the 21st century, will be processed and recycled economically and ecologically on becoming obsolete.
|
|
| 7. |
- Adama, Onyanta
(author)
-
Urban governance and spatial inequality in service delivery : a case study of solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria
- 2012
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 30:9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spatial inequality in service delivery is a common feature in African cities. Several factors account for the phenomenon but there is growing attention towards urban governance and the role of the state. Urban governance policies such as privatization serve as key strategies through which the state regulates and (re)produces spatial inequality in service delivery. This study examined how governance practices related to privatization and the regulatory role of the state reinforce spatial inequalities in the delivery of solid waste services in Abuja, Nigeria. It focused primarily on the issue of cost recovery. Privatization became a major focus in Abuja in 2003 when the government launched a pilot scheme. Although it has brought improvements in service delivery, privatization has also increased the gap in the quality of services delivered in different parts of the city. Drawing on empirical data, the study revealed that little sensitivity to income and affordability, and to income differentials between neighbourhoods in the fixing of user charges and in the choice of the billing method is contributing to spatial inequalities in service delivery. Furthermore, the study suggests that these practices are linked to a broader issue, a failure of the government to see the people as partners. It therefore calls for more inclusive governance especially in decision-making processes. The study also emphasizes the need for a policy document on solid waste management, as this would encourage a critical assessment of vital issues including how privatization is to be funded, especially inlow-income areas.
|
|
| 8. |
- Andreas, Lale, et al.
(author)
-
Effects of waste quality and landfill technology on the long-term behaviour of municipal landfills
- 1999
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 17:6, s. 413-423
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The pollution potential of old municipal landfills of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) is not as bad as expected, even taking into consideration that most lack environmental protection systems. Compared with specific conditions in the former GDR (such as production and consumption), the disposal of waste and the long-term behaviour of landfills clearly differs from that in the old German federal states. Low quantities of deposited waste created slowly growing landfills, and therefore led to rapid degradation processes still in the aerobic milieu. As a result of the increasing similarity of waste quantities and composition in the new and old federal states after 1990, waste deposited today can be expected to have similar long- term behaviour and emissions as existing old Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) landfills which were operating during the 1970s and 1980s.
|
|
| 9. |
- Arvidsson, Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Technology-neutral green procurement in practice : An example from Swedish waste management
- 2012
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 30:5, s. 519-523
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Green public procurement has been criticized for its excessive reliance on detailed technology specifications, which can distort incentives in the short term and discourage innovation in the longer term. Economists therefore tend to prefer technology-neutral procurement, which rewards outcomes rather than technologies. However, technology-neutral procurement can also be problematic in practice. The present study investigated green public procurement of waste management, a rapidly growing field. In one of the most sophisticated models for technology-neutral procurement applied in Sweden in recent years, different environmental impacts were assigned weights, but no weight was given to the particular technology employed. Even here, however, potential inefficiencies were found where the scoring rule could have led to arbitrary, and presumably unwanted, outcomes. Explicitly assigning monetary surcharges to desirable and undesirable environmental effects may be a better way to reach environmental targets.
|
|
| 10. |
- Arvidsson, Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Technology-neutral green procurement in practice - an example from Swedish waste management
- 2012
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0734-242X. ; 30:5, s. 519-523
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Green public procurement has been criticized for its excessive reliance on detailed technology specifications, which can distort incentives in the short term and discourage innovation in the longer term. Economists therefore tend to prefer technology-neutral procurement, which rewards outcomes rather than technologies. However, technology-neutral procurement can also be problematic in practice. The present study investigated green public procurement of waste management, a rapidly growing field. In one of the most sophisticated models for technology-neutral procurement applied in Sweden in recent years, different environmental impacts were assigned weights, but no weight was given to the particular technology employed. Even here, however, potential inefficiencies were found where the scoring rule could have led to arbitrary, and presumably unwanted, outcomes. Explicitly assigning monetary surcharges to desirable and undesirable environmental effects may be a better way to reach environmental targets.
|
|
