| 1. |
- Juslin, Patrik N, et al.
(author)
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Play it again with feeling : Computer feedback in musical communication of emotions
- 2006
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 12:2, s. 79-95
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Communication of emotions is of crucial importance in music performance. Yet research has suggested that this skill is neglected in music education. This article presents and evaluates a computer program that automatically analyzes music performances and provides feedback to musicians in order to enhance their communication of emotions. Thirty-six semiprofessional jazz/rock guitar players were randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions: (1) feedback from the computer program, (2) feedback from music teachers, and (3) repetition without feedback. Performance measures revealed the greatest improvement in communication accuracy for the computer program, but usability measures indicated that certain aspects of the program could be improved. Implications for music education are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Gredin, Viktor, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Experts integrate explicit contextual priors and environmental information to improve anticipation efficiency
- 2018
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - Washington : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 24:4, s. 509-520
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The understanding of how experts integrate prior situation-specific information (i.e., contextual priors) with emergent visual information when performing dynamic and temporally constrained tasks is limited. We used a soccer-based anticipation task to examine the ability of expert and novice players to integrate prior information about an opponent's action tendencies with unfolding environmental information such as opponent kinematics. We recorded gaze behaviors and ongoing expectations during task performance. Moreover, we assessed their final anticipatory judgments and perceived levels of cognitive effort invested. Explicit contextual priors biased the allocation of visual attention and shaped ongoing expectations in experts but not in novices. When the final action was congruent with the most likely action given the opponent's action tendencies, the contextual priors enhanced the final judgments for both groups. For incongruent trials, the explicit priors had a negative impact on the final judgments of novices but not experts. We interpreted the data using a Bayesian framework to provide novel insights into how contextual priors and dynamic environmental information are combined when making decisions under time pressure. Moreover, we provide evidence that this integration is governed by the temporal relevance of the information at hand as well as the ability to infer this relevance. © 2018 American Psychological Association.
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| 3. |
- Guath, Mona, et al.
(author)
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Optimizing Electricity Consumption : A Case of Function Learning
- 2015
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 21:4, s. 326-341
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A popular way to improve consumers' control over their electricity consumption is by providing outcome feedback on the cost with in-home displays. Research on function learning, however, suggests that outcome feedback may not always be ideal for learning, especially if the feedback signal is noisy. In this study, we relate research on function learning to in-home displays and use a laboratory task simulating a household to investigate the role of outcome feedback and function learning on electricity optimization. Three function training schemes (FTSs) are presented that convey specific properties of the functions that relate the electricity consumption to the utility and cost. In Experiment 1, we compared learning from outcome feedback with 3 FTSs, 1 of which allowed maximization of the utility while keeping the budget, despite no feedback about the total monthly cost. In Experiment 2, we explored the combination of this FTS and outcome feedback. The results suggested that electricity optimization may be facilitated if feedback learning is preceded by a brief period of function training.
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| 4. |
- Halin, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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Effects of Speech on Proofreading: Can Task-Engagement Manipulations Shield Against Distraction?
- 2014
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - : American Psychological Association. - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 20:1, s. 69-80
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article reports 2 experiments that examine techniques to shield against the potentially disruptive effects of task-irrelevant background speech on proofreading. The participants searched for errors in texts that were either normal (i.e., written in Times New Roman font) or altered (i.e., presented either in Haettenschweiler font or in Times New Roman but masked by visual noise) in 2 sound conditions: a silent condition and a condition with background speech. Proofreading for semantic/contextual errors was impaired by speech, but only when the text was normal. This effect of speech was completely abolished when the text was written in an altered font (Experiment 1) or when it was masked by visual noise (Experiment 2). There was no functional difference between the 2 ways to alter the text with regard to the way the manipulations influenced the effects of background speech on proofreading. The results indicate that increased task demands, which lead to greater focal-task engagement, may shield against the distracting effects of background speech on proofreading.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Labonte, Katherine, et al.
(author)
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Forewarning Interruptions in Dynamic Settings : Can Prevention Bolster Recovery?
- 2019
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - : APA. - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 25:4, s. 674-694
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In complex dynamic work environments, the consequences of task interruptions on performance can put public safety at risk. If not designed carefully. current tools aiming to facilitate interruption recovery can instead hamper performance because of information overload. Although a simpler solution-the forewarning of an imminent interruption-has proven effective in static contexts, existing theories of task interruption do not clearly predict its impact on the resumption of dynamically evolving tasks. The current study examined the effects of a preinterruption warning in dynamic settings to develop a better understanding of task resumption and supplement current theoretical accounts. In a simulation of above-water warfare, scenarios were either uninterrupted, unexpectedly interrupted, or interrupted following an auditory warning. Behavioral, oculomotor, and pupillometric data regarding decision making, information processing. and cognitive load were computed before, during, and after each interruption (or the corresponding moment). Interruption warnings triggered a cognitively demanding preinterruption preparation that, in turn, speeded up postintemiption information processing and decision making and lowered cognitive load when resuming the interrupted task. These findings help to complement current theories of interruptions while showing that preinterruption warnings represent a promising way to support interruption recovery in complex dynamic situations.
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| 7. |
- Lindholm, Torun, et al.
(author)
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Retrieval effort cues predict eyewitness accuracy
- 2018
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 24:4, s. 534-542
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous research has documented that correct eyewitness memories are more rapidly recalled and recognized than are incorrect ones, suggesting that retrieval ease is diagnostic of memory accuracy. Building on these findings, the current research explores whether verbal and paraverbal cues to retrieval effort could be used to determine the accuracy of honestly reported eyewitness statements about a crime event. Moreover, we examine the relative role of such effort cues and witnesses’ subjective confidence in predicting memory accuracy. The results of 2 studies demonstrate that objectively verifiable verbal and paraverbal cues to retrieval effort are strongly related to honest witnesses’ memory accuracy and that several of these cues contribute uniquely to predict accuracy. Moreover, we show that subjective confidence in a memory rests on these effort cues and that the cues mediate the confidence−accuracy relation. Given research showing that most people have vast difficulties in judging the quality of others’ memories, combined with the scarcity of research on predictors of genuinely reported memories, these initial findings suggest unexplored alternatives that may prove highly useful for improving accuracy judgments, with potentially far-reaching significance not the least in the legal context.
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| 8. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(author)
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Why are background telephone conversations distracting?
- 2018
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 24:2, s. 222-235
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Telephone conversation is ubiquitous within the office setting. Overhearing a telephone conversation-whereby only one of the two speakers is heard-is subjectively more annoying and objectively more distracting than overhearing a full conversation. The present study sought to determine whether this "halfalogue" effect is attributable to unexpected offsets and onsets within the background speech (acoustic unexpectedness) or to the tendency to predict the unheard part of the conversation (semantic [un]predictability), and whether these effects can be shielded against through top-down cognitive control. In Experiment 1, participants performed an office-related task in quiet or in the presence of halfalogue and dialogue background speech. Irrelevant speech was either meaningful or meaningless speech. The halfalogue effect was only present for the meaningful speech condition. Experiment 2 addressed whether higher task-engagement could shield against the halfalogue effect by manipulating the font of the to-be-read material. Although the halfalogue effect was found with an easy-to-read font (fluent text), the use of a difficult-to-read font (disfluent text) eliminated the effect. The halfalogue effect is thus attributable to the semantic (un)predictability, not the acoustic unexpectedness, of background telephone conversation and can be prevented by simple means such as increasing the level of engagement required by the focal task.
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| 9. |
- Perkovic, Sonja, et al.
(author)
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Covert Attention Leads to Fast and Accurate Decision-Making
- 2023
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In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 29, s. 78-94
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Decision-makers are regularly faced with more choice information than they can directly gaze at in a limited amount of time. Many theories assume that because decision-makers attend to information sequentially and overtly, that is, with direct gaze, they must respond to information overload by trading off between speed and decision accuracy. By reanalyzing five published studies, we show that participants, besides using overt attention, also use covert attention. That is, without being instructed to do so, participants attend to information without direct gaze to evaluate choice attributes that lead them to either choose the best or reject the worst option. We show that the use of covert attention is common for most participants and more so when information is easily identifiable in the peripheral visual field due to being large or visually salient. Covert attention is associated with faster decision times suggesting that participants might process multiple pieces of information simultaneously using distributed attention. Our findings highlight the importance of covert attention in decision-making and show how decision-makers may be gaining speed while retaining high levels of decision accuracy. We discuss how harnessing covert attention can benefit consumer decision-making of healthy and sustainable products.Public Significance Statement During shopping, consumers often spend time looking at product information, such as brands, prices, and product labels, before making decisions. When product information is visually prominent, consumers can identify the information covertly, that is, through the corner of their eyes. We show that consumers use covert attention to identify product information and that covert attention is associated with faster choices. Producers can help consumers to save time by enhancing the visual prominence of product information, for instance, by using larger or brighter labels.
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| 10. |
- Wayne, Rachel V., et al.
(author)
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The Role of Visual Speech Information in Supporting Perceptual Learning of Degraded Speech
- 2012
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In: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-898X .- 1939-2192. ; 18:4, s. 419-435
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Following cochlear implantation, hearing-impaired listeners must adapt to speech as heard through their prosthesis. Visual speech information (VSI; the lip and facial movements of speech) is typically available in everyday conversation. Here, we investigate whether learning to understand a popular auditory simulation of speech as transduced by a cochlear implant (noise-vocoded [NV] speech) is enhanced by the provision of VSI. Experiment 1 demonstrates that provision of VSI concurrently with a clear auditory form of an utterance as feedback after each NV utterance during training does not enhance learning over clear auditory feedback alone, suggesting that VSI does not play a special role in retuning of perceptual representations of speech. Experiment 2 demonstrates that provision of VSI concurrently with NV speech (a simulation of typical real-world experience) facilitates perceptual learning of NV speech, but only when an NV-only repetition of each utterance is presented after the composite NV/VSI form during training. Experiment 3 shows that this more efficient learning of NV speech is probably due to the additional listening effort required to comprehend the utterance when clear feedback is never provided and is not specifically due to the provision of VSI. Our results suggest that rehabilitation after cochlear implantation does not necessarily require naturalistic audiovisual input, but may be most effective when (a) training utterances are relatively intelligible (approximately 85% of words reported correctly during effortful listening), and (b) the individual has the opportunity to map what they know of an utterances linguistic content onto the degraded form.
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