| 1. |
- Ahmad, Abdulbaghi, 1951-, et al.
(author)
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Reporting questionnaire for children as a screening instrument for child mental health problems in Iraqi Kurdistan.
- 2007
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In: Transcultural Psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1363-4615 .- 1461-7471. ; 44:1, s. 5-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To identify child mental health problems in a mid-sized to large city in Iraqi Kurdistan, the Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC), followed by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Post-traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist for Children (PTSS-C), were administered in interview form to the caregivers of 806 school-aged children. To cover different categories of children, four samples were randomly selected from among the general population (n = 201), orphans (n = 241), primary medical care patients (n = 199), and hospital patients (n = 165). The RQC revealed satisfactory validity against a deviant CBCL cut-off. The screening capacity of the RQC was further supported by its similarity to the CBCL in distribution of problem scores among the four samples and its positive correlation with the CBCL, but not with the trauma-related PTSS-C. Although the general population showed lower problem scores than the orphans and the two clinical samples, problem scores in all instruments were considerably higher than those reported from other societies. The RQC seems to be useful as a first-stage screening instrument for child mental health problems in Kurdistan.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Baarnhielm, Sofie, et al.
(author)
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Revising psychiatric diagnostic categorisation of immigrant patients after using the Cultural Formulation in DSM-IV
- 2015
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In: Transcultural Psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1363-4615 .- 1461-7471. ; 52:3, s. 287-310
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study evaluated the use of the Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF) from the DSM-IV in the diagnosis of immigrants and refugee patients at an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Sweden. Using the OCF in conjunction with standard diagnostic procedures led to major revisions of diagnoses for 56.5% of patients. Anxiety disorders, especially PTSD, constitute the disorder group in which the most changes were made. In order to understand how information from the OCF interview led clinicians to revise diagnoses, data from clinical discussions were analysed through qualitative content analysis. This revealed four major themes related to the reevaluation, and at times confirmation, of given clinical psychiatric diagnoses: new information; expression of distress in emotional language; expression of distress in relation to life experiences; and improved understanding of the patient's suffering. The findings suggest that the OCF may be useful for: (a) formulating culture in relation to illness experiences, (b) contextualising diagnostic categorisation, and (c) improving overall understanding of the patient that may facilitate individualised planning of treatment and therapy.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Baarnhielm, S, et al.
(author)
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The cultural formulation: A model to combine nosology and patients' life context in psychiatric diagnostic practice
- 2009
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In: Transcultural psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1363-4615 .- 1461-7471. ; 46:3, s. 406-428
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article discusses the experience of adapting and applying the Outline for a Cultural Formulation in DSM-IV to the Swedish context. Findings from a research project on the Cultural Formulation highlight the value of combining psychiatric nosological categorization with an understanding of patients’ cultural life context in order to increase the validity of categorization and to formulate individualized treatment plans. In clinical care practitioners need models and tools that help them take into account patients’ cultural backgrounds, needs, and resources in psychiatric diagnostic practice. We present a summary of a Swedish manual for conducting a Cultural Formulation interview. The need for further development of the Cultural Formulation is also discussed.
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| 6. |
- Baarnhielm, S
(author)
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The meaning of pain: a cultural formulation of a Syrian woman in Sweden
- 2012
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In: Transcultural psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1461-7471 .- 1363-4615. ; 49:1, s. 105-120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ethnography provides a method for psychiatric assessment to obtain an insight into the patient’s culture, context, and life situation. The Outline for a Cultural Formulation (CF) is an ethnography-based, idiographic formulation intended to complement the multiaxial assessment in DSM-IV. Its contribution to routine clinical praxis will be discussed with reference to a case of a Syrian-born woman in Sweden. Using the CF in the clinical diagnostic process shifted understanding of the patient’s suffering from a mainly somatic frame of reference to an emphasis on emotional and social aspects. The usefulness of ethnography in clinical psychiatric diagnostic practice is discussed.
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| 7. |
- Baarnhielm, S, et al.
(author)
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Training in cultural psychiatry: Translating research into improvements in mental health care for migrants
- 2022
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In: Transcultural psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1461-7471 .- 1363-4615. ; 59:2, s. 111-115
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This special issue of Transcultural Psychiatry on training in cultural psychiatry discusses translating research into improvements in mental health care for refugees and migrants. This topic is timely because, in addition to a global increase in migration, the number of forcibly displaced people is growing rapidly due to war and conflicts. We know that migrants, particularly refugees, are at increased risk of psychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders and post—traumatic stress. Despite this, there is evidence of major disparities in care for minorities, migrants, and refugees. The gap between needs related to mental health care for migrants, refugees, and minority groups and available services points to the need to improve accessibility and adapt systems, services, and interventions. Health professionals have a key role in ensuring the quality of care. Their capacity to cope with new challenges depends on their competence, knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward their patients' needs. Mental health professionals need training in working with cultural diversity and structural competence to understand, treat, and support migrant and refugee patients—and to respond to racial discrimination. Mental health care services need to reduce barriers to providing adequate resources, including supporting skills training for mental health professionals. Hopefully, this thematic special issue will motivate further research, discussion, and sharing of local experience and pedagogical methods in this vital field.
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| 8. |
- Bäärnhielm, S, et al.
(author)
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Historical reflections on mental health care in Sweden: the welfare state and cultural diversity
- 2005
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In: Transcultural psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1363-4615 .- 1461-7471. ; 42:3, s. 394-419
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article discusses historical reflections on the response of Swedish mental health care to cultural diversity and immigration and our views regarding future directions for clinical care, research and training. Sweden has become increasingly multicultural through immigration. Mental health care in Sweden faces the challenges of encountering cultural diversity and the mental health consequences of forced immigration, acculturation, and refugee trauma. In our view, Swedish mental health care is at a crossroads: either it takes up the challenge raised by immigration of an increasing cultural diversity or it satisfies itself with rhetoric, thus leaving reality at the margins. Equity regarding access to mental health care in Sweden today must include an acceptance of, and interest for, the diversity of the population.
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